In the rapidly expanding teaching of _dialectica_ also he sees opportunity for composition. To this end, very likely, he urges repeatedly that the debates of the schools keep touch with reality by insisting on subject matter through correlation with other studies. Above all he desires that language studies be unified and progressive, that they call for expanding correlation of _inventio_ and _iudicium_. The study that in his time actually demanded and exercised these was not _rhetorica_, which was by way of ignoring both; it was _dialectica_. D. THIRTEENTH CENTURY SURVEYS 1. The _Anticlaudianus_ of Alain de Lille The allegorical survey entitled by Alain[40] _Anticlaudianus_ has but superficial likeness to the _De nuptiis philologiæ et Mercurii_[41] of Martianus Capella. Each presents the seven liberal arts in allegory; each is in nine books; but there is no real resemblance, nor any indication of Alain’s having used Martianus except as a stock source. The allegory of Martianus is confined to his first two books, and is purely decorative; the allegory of Alain pervades his whole work as a controlling idea. That idea is the function of education in the redemption of mankind. The sub-title “de officio viri boni et perfecti” is akin to Hugh’s[42] “animæ perfectio.” The consistent, elaborate theological symbolism shows some force of conception and, in spite of occasional excursions into style, some ardor and elevation. The four thousand hexameters are usually above the medieval fatal fluency in this verse. The survey, though it has not Hugh’s originality and does not attempt John’s unification, is equally serious. The seven arts are summoned to provide _Prudentia_ with a chariot for her quest on behalf of man. _Grammatica_ supplies the pole; _Logica_, the axle, which _Rhetorica_ adorns with gems and gold; the Quadrivium, the four wheels. The horses, the five senses, are then harnessed by _Ratio_. When the upward journey has reached the term of human powers, _Prudentia_, leaving her chariot, is conducted by _Theologia_ into the empyrean, to the saints, to Mary, to God himself. Obtaining of God the formation of the new man, _Prudentia_ returns to seek gifts for the _anima creata_. _Natura_ gives it a body. _Concordia_ and _Pudicitia_, _Ratio_ and _Honestas_, coöperate in gifts with the seven arts. The dubious gifts of _Fortuna_ are assisted by _Ratio_. Thereupon the vices declare war, which is concluded by the victory of the opposed virtues.