[16] See the preceding section. John mentions Hugh at 833 A, 924 B. The word _disserere_ Hugh and John may have taken, as John took other things at the opening of Book II, from Isidore (see above, page 97); but the ultimate source of the phrase _ratio disserendi_ is probably Cicero’s _Topica_: “omnis ratio diligens disserendi duas habet partes, unum inveniendi alteram iudicandi.” _Top._ 2. Cf. _Fin._ 1. 7. 22; _Fat._ 1. 1. _Disserere_ seems limited to _dialectica_ in _De orat._ I. 9 (see Wilkins’s note); but using the same word in II. 157, Cicero points out that the proper function of _dialectica_ is analysis (_iudicium_, not _inventio_). In _Orator_ 113, discussing the common ground of rhetoric and logic, he says “utrumque in disserendo est,” and goes on to distinguish logic as _ratio disputandi_ from rhetoric as _ratio dicendi_. _Dicere_ is generally his word for rhetoric. Quintilian, whom John uses largely, probably has in mind the same distinction in X. 1. 81, though in other places he uses _disserere_ more generally. [17] I. xvii (847 C), xxiv (854 B), II. x (868 B). [18] For John’s use of Quintilian, see below, page 169. [19] In this respect _Metalogicus_ is conspicuously different from _Policraticus_. [20] These “Cornificians” are mentioned 825 C, 827 A, 852 B, 857 A. See Clerval 182, 211, 227. [21] Quadam proportione rationis, 841 B. [22] This poetic is none the less rhetoric for being confirmed by quotations from Horace (_Ars poetica_, 102-105, 108-111; see ARP 245). The general doctrine of appropriateness was the basis of the specific recipes for _encomium_ (above, page 31). [23] Cf. Vincent of Beauvais below, section D. 2. [24] The following translation renders entire the most specific extant account of _prælectio_ in the middle age. Long selections from it in French translation will be found in Clerval, 225-227; a shorter selection, with the corresponding Latin text, in Faral, _Les arts poétiques du xiie et du xiiie siècle_, Paris, 1924, 99-101. Haskins, 135, has a short selection in English translation. For _prælectio_, see the index to ARP and to this volume. [25] _Illustratio_ is Quintilian’s word (and Cicero’s, he says) in VI. ii. 32, where he is exhibiting the same sort of development as is here indicated by John. For _historia_, _argumentum_, _fabula_ see the index. That these were elementary school exercises suggests that the subject of this sentence (_Illi_) refers not to authors, but to schoolboys engaged in developing a _materia_; but the reference can hardly be determined in PL, in which the whole sentence seems to me dubious. [26] _Probandi colores._ The word _colores_ in this sense, unusual at this time, is characteristic of Seneca Rhetor, to whom John refers in II. viii. But the solution of a passage apparently corrupt may well await a better text. [27] Cf. III. vi (904 C). Et sicut juxta ethicum: discipulus prioris est posterior dies.