Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Medieval
But when something ought to be done, and we are talking to
those who ought to do it and will not, then the great subject
is to be expressed greatly and in such wise as to bend their
minds.... What subject is greater than God? Is it therefore
not a subject for instruction? Or how can any one expounding
the unity of the Trinity do it except by confining himself to
exposition, that so difficult a distinction may as far as is
possible be understood? Is ornament demanded here, and not
rather argument?[21] Is there here something that the audience
is to be moved to do, and not rather something that it is to
be taught to learn? Again, when God is praised in himself or
in his works, what a vision of beautiful and splendid diction
rises before any one praising as well as he can him whom no one
praises aright and no one fails to praise in some way or other!
But if God be not worshipped, or if idols be worshipped with
him or even in his stead, whether dæmons or any other created
being, then to meet so great an evil, and from this evil to
save men, the preaching too must be great. xix.
Augustine has passed (xvii-xix) from Cicero’s three tasks of oratory
to his three typical styles by applying to the preacher Cicero’s
definition of the orator: “He, then, shall be called eloquent who can
speak small things quietly, larger things proportionally, great things
greatly.”[22] Thus the three styles are _genus submissum_ (or _tenue_),
_genus temperatum_ (or _medium_), and _genus grande_. As in Cicero,
these correspond to _docere_, _delectare_, _movere_, and the second is
connected with panegyric.
Augustine now proceeds to exemplify the first style (xx) from _Galatians_
as calling for skill in reasoning and for a memory trained to bring in
objections and difficulties where they can best be met. This debater’s
memory is precisely the ancient _memoria_, the fifth of the traditional
parts of rhetoric. It seems to have fallen into abeyance under sophistic.
What the sophists boasted was verbal memory, which Augustine merely
mentions in his appendix as something quite different.[23]
The same chapter (xx) exemplifies the second, or median style from
_Timothy_ and _Romans_ as having the charm of aptness. Here Augustine
confronts squarely the sophistic habit of making rhythmical beauty
paramount and the pagan disparagement of Christian style. Some one may
find the cadence of _Romans_ xiii. 14 defective. Certainly it would
soothe the ear more rhythmically if the verb came last.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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