Derbyshire (England) -- Antiquities; Derbyshire (England) -- History
What has been said above, will apply in some measure to the cremated
interments. Occasionally these are found in cists, graves, and other
receptacles, as large as those containing unburnt skeletons; but more
frequently they are smaller and better proportioned to the small
compass of the remains. Probably the larger receptacles relate to the
early days of cremation, when it was a new fashion; to-day, by force
of habit, we occasionally transfer the few handfuls of ashes from
the crematorium to an ordinary coffin instead of an urn for burial.
Generally speaking, however, the disposal of the cremated remains
differed considerably from that of unburnt bodies. When the funeral
pile was raised on the spot where the burial was to take place, it was
the common custom to collect the calcined bones into a little heap on
the surface, or to place them in a shallow depression made before or
after the burning. In either case, they were sometimes deposited on a
flat stone, and there is reason to think that they were often first
tied up in a cloth or placed in a basket. This would be especially
convenient when they had to be transferred to a different site for
burial from that where the body was burned, as seems to have been more
often the case in Derbyshire. A more notable receptacle for the burnt
remains was the cinerary urn, which may be regarded as the equivalent
of both the cloth or basket and of the cist. The urn was usually
deposited in a simple hole, and most often, in this county, upright,
the mouth being nearly always covered with a thin stone. When reversed,
the mouth usually rested upon such a stone.
The regard of the Derbyshire Bronze people for their dead sometimes—and
perhaps more often than we suspect—went beyond the mere provision of
a protection from the surrounding soil or stones. Occasionally the
receptacle was paved, or it contained gravel, clay, or fine earth or
sand, on which the body was laid, or in which it was embedded. On
Stanton and Hartle moors several cists containing cremated remains were
filled with sand, which in one rested on a bed of heather.[13] In a
grave at Shuttlestone,[14] near Parwich, the body had been wrapped in
a skin, and laid upon a couch of fern leaves. In another, near King’s
Sterndale,[15] there was tenacious clay mixed with grass and leaves,
which still retained their greenness. The presence of these perishable
substances, which under ordinary conditions must have soon disappeared,
may represent a general custom.
[13] See _Vestiges_ and _Ten Years’ Diggings_.
[14] _Ten Years’ Diggings_, 34.
[15] _Proc._ Soc. Ant., 1899.
The dead were evidently buried or cremated, as the case may have been,
in their wearing apparel, for the pins, buttons, studs, weapons, and
the like, which are frequently found with the unburnt remains, are
often in the relative positions they would occupy on the attire; and
in case of the burnt, they have almost invariably passed through the
fiery ordeal.
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