Derbyshire (England) -- Antiquities; Derbyshire (England) -- History
The various objects associated with the interments have, as already
stated, the impress of a common age. The most remarkable are the
earthen vessels. Besides the cinerary urns referred to above, there
were vessels of other forms, which have received the names of
“drinking-cups,” “food-vases,” and “incense-cups.” The first two are
with little doubt rightly named, as both in Derbyshire and elsewhere
traces indicating the former presence of liquids and of solid foods
have been detected in them respectively. The use of the diminutive
“incense-cups” is unknown, and the name is a fanciful one. All these
vessels are of clay, with an admixture of sand or crushed stone to
prevent them cracking in the process of firing, and are shaped by hand
and imperfectly burnt. The ornamentation is essentially of the same
character in all, but it varies greatly in elaboration, consisting
of various combinations of straight lines, produced for the most
part by the impression of twisted thongs or rushes or of notched
stamps, or, less frequently, of grooves made with a pointed tool.
These combinations are extremely varied, consisting of simple bands
of parallel lines, parallel lines in alternate series, horizontal and
vertical, saltires, zig-zags, “herring-bone” and latticed diapers, etc.
Punched dots and impressions of the finger-nail or tip also occur, but
sparingly. The forms of the drinking-cups, food-vases, and cinerary
urns are tolerably constant in Derbyshire, but the little incense-cups
vary very much; these, too, are usually the most carefully made, while
the urns are, as a rule, the coarsest and the least decorated. In figs.
11 and 12 are shown Derbyshire examples of each kind, which will convey
a better idea of them than any description.
[Illustration: Fig. 11.—Typical Examples of Bronze Age Burial Vessels,
Derbyshire.
A—Drinking-Cups. B—Food-Vases. (Scale = 1/5 size of originals.)
]
Flint implements, flakes, and fragments are the most frequent
accompaniments. The implements include all the ordinary forms of the
period: arrow, javelin and spear-heads, daggers, knives, scrapers,
fabricators, and chisels, of every grade of workmanship down to
nondescript-worked fragments of uncertain use. The majority of the
flint objects are, however, mere shapeless fragments and chippings, and
the frequent presence of these seems to indicate that the placing with
the dead of things useful in life had already begun to degenerate into
a merely symbolic ceremony.
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