MEMORIALS OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND General Editor: REV. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S. MEMORIALS OF OLD DURHAM [Illustration] [Illustration: DURHAM CATHEDRAL. _From the Picture by J. M. W. Turner, R.A._] MEMORIALS OF OLD DURHAM EDITED BY HENRY R. LEIGHTON, F.R.HIST.S. WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS [Illustration: colophon] LONDON GEORGE ALLEN & SONS, 44 & 45, RATHBONE PLACE, W. 1910 [_All Rights Reserved_] TO THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF DURHAM, K.G., _Lord-Lieutenant of the County Palatine of Durham_, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY HIS KIND PERMISSION PREFACE The Palatinate of Durham possesses special claims to the attention of students of history. It alone amongst the English counties was for centuries ruled by Sovereign Bishops possessing their own peers, troops, mint, and legal courts. In every respect it was a miniature kingdom, in its constitution like only to the well-known Prince-Bishoprics of the Continent. In the past the county has been favoured by a succession of historians, who have dealt more or less fully with its parochial history. More recently Dr. Lapsley and the contributors to the "Victoria History" have minutely examined the various phases of its early constitution. In the publications of the local archæological societies, the greater mansions and most of the more interesting churches have been dealt with in detail. In view, therefore, of the now considerable accumulated literature upon the county, it has been a matter of no small difficulty to select subjects which should be helpful to the scholar as well as interesting to the general reader. It has been endeavoured to make this volume serve a twofold purpose. Firstly, to awaken a greater interest in the past of this most historic district, and secondly, to serve as an introduction to the greater histories of the county. Some day, perhaps, we may hope to see an edition of Surtees’, revised to a recent date, and covering those portions of the county which he did not live to deal with.