MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT, LIFE AND ART HITCHCOCK LECTURES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1914 [Illustration: PL. I. Neanderthal man at the station of Le Moustier, overlooking the valley of the Vézère, Dordogne. Drawing by Charles R. Knight, under the direction of the author.] MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT, LIFE AND ART BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN SC.D. PRINCETON, HON. LL.D. TRINITY, PRINCETON, COLUMBIA, HON. D.SC. CAMBRIDGE HON. PH.D. CHRISTIANIA RESEARCH PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY VERTEBRATE PALÆONTOLOGIST U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, CURATOR EMERITUS OF VERTEBRATE PALÆONTOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATIONS BY UPPER PALÆOLITHIC ARTISTS AND CHARLES R. KNIGHT, ERWIN S. CHRISTMAN AND OTHERS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Published November, 1915 DEDICATED TO MY DISTINGUISHED GUIDES THROUGH THE UPPER PALÆOLITHIC CAVERNS OF THE PYRENEES, DORDOGNE, AND THE CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS OF SPAIN ÉMILE CARTAILHAC HENRI BREUIL HUGO OBERMAIER PREFACE This volume is the outcome of an ever-memorable tour through the country of the men of the Old Stone Age, guided by three of the distinguished archæologists of France, to whom the work is gratefully dedicated. This Palæolithic tour[A] of three weeks, accompanied as it was by a constant flow of conversation and discussion, made a very profound impression, namely, of the very early evolution of the spirit of man, of the close relation between early human environment and industry and the development of mind, of the remote antiquity of the human powers of observation, of discovery, and of invention. It appears that men with faculties and powers like our own, but in the infancy of education and tradition, were living in this region of Europe at least 25,000 years ago. Back of these intelligent races were others, also of eastern origin but in earlier stages of mental development, all pointing to the very remote ancestry of man from earlier mental and physical stages. Another great impression from this region is that it is the oldest centre of human habitation of which we have a complete, unbroken record of continuous residence from a period as remote as 100,000 years corresponding with the dawn of human culture, to the hamlets of the modern peasant of France of A. D. 1915. In contrast, Egyptian, Ægean, and Mesopotamian civilizations appear as of yesterday.