which wandered over the steppes and prairies of western Europe from the beginning of the fourth glaciation until near the close of Postglacial times. (=1=) Breuil, 1912.7. (=2=) Verneau, 1906.1, pp. 202-207. (=3=) _Op. cit._, p. 204. (=4=) Keith, 1911.1, p. 60. (=5=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 178. (=6=) Breuil, 1912.7, p. 174. (=7=) _Op. cit._, pp. 165-168. (=8=) Obermaier, 1912.1, pp. 177, 178. (=9=) Wiegers, 1913.1. (=10=) Schmidt, 1912.1, p. 266. (=11=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 278. (=12=) Dawkins, 1880.1, pp. 148, 149. (=13=) Ewart, 1904.1. (=14=) Obermaier, 1909.2, p. 145. (=15=) Sollas, 1913.1, p. 325. (=16=) Broca, 1868.1. (=17=) Lartet, 1875.1. (=18=) Verneau, 1886.1; 1906.1, pp. 68, 69. (=19=) Obermaier, 1912.2. (=20=) Martin, R., 1914.1, pp. 15, 16. (=21=) Keith, 1911.1, p. 71. (=22=) Klaatsch, 1909.1. (=23=) Keith, _op. cit._, p. 56. (=24=) Hauser, 1909.1. (=25=) Fischer, 1913.1. (=26=) Schliz, 1912.1, p. 554. (=27=) Breuil, 1912.7, p. 175. (=28=) _Op. cit._, p. 183. (=29=) _Op. cit._, pp. 177-180. (=30=) Schmidt, 1912.1, p. 266. (=31=) Breuil, _op. cit._, p. 178. (=32=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 181. (=33=) Breuil, 1912.7, p. 169. (=34=) Breuil, 1912.1, pp. 194-200. (=35=) Schmidt, 1912.1. (=36=) Breuil, _op. cit._ (=37=) Schmidt, 1912.1, p. 142. (=38=) Breuil, 1912.1, p. 202. (=39=) Breuil, 1912.6. (=40=) Hilzheimer, 1913.1, p. 151. (=41=) Fischer, 1913.1. (=42=) Makowsky, 1902.1. (=43=) Schwalbe, 1906.1. (=44=) Makowsky, _op. cit._ (=45=) Obermaier, 1912.1, pp. 342-355. (=46=) Martin, R., 1914.1, pp. 15, 16. (=47=) Schliz, 1912.1. (=48=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, p. 28. (=49=) Keane, 1901.1, p. 147. (=50=) Keith, 1911.1, p. 30. (=51=) _Op. cit._, pp. 28-45. (=52=) _Op. cit._, pp. 51-56. (=53=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 93. (=54=) Breuil, 1912.7, p. 188. (=55=) Arcelin, 1869.1. (=56=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, pp. 137-141. (=57=) Schmidt, 1912.1, p. 144, Tafel B. CHAPTER V MAGDALENIAN TIMES--CLIMATE AND MAMMALIAN LIFE OF EUROPE--CUSTOMS AND LIFE OF THE CRÔ-MAGNONS; THEIR INDUSTRY IN FLINT AND BONE; THEIR DISTRIBUTION--DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR ART, ENGRAVING, PAINTING, SCULPTURE--ART IN THE CAVERNS--CLIMAX OF THE MAGDALENIAN ART AND INDUSTRY OF THE CRÔ-MAGNONS--APPARENT DECLINE OF THE RACE. The art and industrial epoch of Magdalenian times is by far the best known and most fascinating of the Old Stone Age. This period forms the culmination of Palæolithic civilization; it marks the highest development of the Crô-Magnon race preceding their sudden decline and disappearance as the dominant type of western Europe. The men of this time are commonly known as the Magdalenians, taking their name from the type station of La Madeleine, as the Greeks in their highest stage took their name from Athens and were known as the Athenians.