A new impulse to the study of Palæolithic culture was given in 1895, when E. Rivière discovered examples of Palæolithic mural art in the cavern of La Mouthe,(33) thus confirming the original discovery, in 1880, by Marcelino de Sautuola of the wonderful ceiling frescoes of the cave of Altamira, northern Spain.(34) This created the opportunity for the establishment by the Prince of Monaco of the _Institut de Paléontologie humaine_ in 1910, supporting the combined researches of the Upper Palæolithic culture and art of France and Spain, by Cartailhac, Capitan, Rivière, Boule, Breuil, and Obermaier, and marking a new epoch in the brilliant history of the archæology of France. It remained for the prehistory of the borders of the Danube, Rhine, and Neckar to be brought into harmony with that of France, and this has been accomplished with extraordinary precision and fulness through the labors of R. R. Schmidt, begun in 1906, and brought together in his invaluable work, _Die diluviale Vorzeit Deutschlands_.(35) To an earlier and longer epoch belongs the Prepalæolithic or Eolithic stage. Beginning in 1867 with the supposed discovery by l'Abbé Bourgeois(36) of a primordial or Prepalæolithic stone culture, much observation and speculation has been devoted to the Eolithic(37) era and the Eolithic industry, culminating in the complete chronological system of Rutot, as follows: LOWER QUATERNARY, OR PLEISTOCENE Strépyian (= Pre-Chellean, in part). Mesvinian, culture of Mesvin, near Mons, Belgium (= Pre-Chellean). Mafflean, culture of Maffle, near Ath, Hennegau. Reutelian, culture of Reutel, Ypres, West Flanders. TERTIARY Prestian, culture of St. Prest, Eure-et-Loire, Upper Pliocene. Kentian, culture of the plateau of Kent, Middle Pliocene. Cantalian, culture of Aurillac, Cantal, Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. Fagnian, culture of Boncelles, Ardennes, Middle Oligocene. Only the Mesvinian stage is generally accepted by archæologists, and this embraces the prototypes of the Lower Palæolithic culture, which among most French authors are termed Pre-Chellean or Proto-Chellean. The Eolithic problem has aroused the most animated controversy, in which opinion is divided. A critical consideration of this era, however, falls without the province of the present work. SUCCESSION OF HUMAN INDUSTRIES AND CULTURES[L]