highly significant. Another type of institution for this special group of cases is strongly indicated. They should be held under an indeterminate sentence and in some instances committed for life. As a result of hereditary defects, arrested mental development, ignorance and vicious tendencies this class furnishes the prisons with our most dangerous criminals. They should receive separate care, with an opportunity for a special education adapted to their individual needs. The defective classes have for centuries been held criminally responsible and have filled our prisons with incorrigibles and recidivists. Modern civilization should place at our disposal some means for remedying this situation other than mere punishment for the possession of an intellectual endowment for which these individuals are in no way responsible. The ends of justice can be served and the protection of the public assured at the same time by a form of medical treatment for the defective delinquent which will look forward to his ultimate restoration to society rather than a form of punishment which accomplishes nothing. CHAPTER XI THE PSYCHIATRY OF THE WAR The psychiatry of the late war is of unusual interest from various points of view. Never before have mental diseases or defects been looked upon as military problems worthy of any special attention either in times of war or peace. It is true that the United States government has maintained a hospital for the treatment of such conditions at Washington for many years, and medical officers from the army and navy have been sent to that institution for instruction, from time to time. No adequate provision has been made, however, in previous wars for the special care or observation of the psychoses or neuroses, nor has any great consideration been given to a determination of the mental status of recruits. It is, of course, equally true that modern military methods have brought about different conditions and given rise to new problems. In 1917 and 1918 definite psychiatric organizations were established by the United States army for the first time. The services of specialists in mental diseases were utilized extensively and they were ultimately assigned to practically all of the large hospitals. Division consultants were soon found necessary and the active cooperation of practically every psychiatrist available in the country was required before the armistice was declared.