The important influence exercised by the glandular structures on the human organism has long been recognized. Perhaps the earliest evidence of this is the study of alterations due to the removal of the sexual glands. Eunuchoidism was described by Larrey as early as 1812 in his well-known account of the Egyptian campaign. In 1845 Bouchardat advanced the theory that pancreatic lesions were responsible for the development of diabetic disorders. Thomas Addison in 1855 showed the existence of a very definite disease process caused by pathological conditions in the adrenals. Mongolianism was recognized as a distinct entity by Langdon-Down in 1866. Gigantism was studied very thoroughly by von Langer in 1872. The existence of the parathyroids was unknown until they were described by Sandström in 1880. Weiss in 1881 showed that the extirpation of the thyroid sometimes caused tetany. After myxedema had been studied clinically by Charcot and others the fact that it was clearly related to disturbances of the functions of the thyroid gland was demonstrated by Kocher and Reverdin in 1882. Adipositas Dolorosa was described by Dercum as a form of dysthyroidia in the same year. Acromegaly was originally defined by Pierre Marie in 1886 and its relation to the hypophysis was pointed out by him. In 1886 Möbius called attention to the part played by the ductless glands in Basedow's disease, Grawitz in 1888 showed the significance of thymic hyperplasia and Paltauf in the following year described the "lymphato-chlorotic constitution." The pancreatic origin of diabetes was elaborately outlined by von Mering and Minkowski in 1889. The influence exerted by glandular secretions on general metabolism was demonstrated by Brown-Sequard in the same year. Lemoine and Launois in 1891 reported the existence of sclerosis of the blood and lymph vessels in the pancreas and Laguerse in 1893 found that the Islands of Langerhans were often involved in diabetes. Thyroigenic obesity was reported by von Hertoghe in 1896. The isolation and chemical definition of adrenalin by Takamine in 1901 was a decided step in advance. Fröhlich in 1901 suggested that obesity, infantilism of the genitalia and myxedematous alterations of the skin pointed to tumors of the hypophysis. In the same year Neumann thoroughly reviewed the subject of growths in the epiphysis, submitting a study of twenty-two cases. The various types of dwarfism were first described by von Hansemann in 1902. Thyroplasia and myxedema were exhaustively studied by Pineles in 1910 and 1912. The literature on the subject of the ductless or so-called endocrine glands has grown enormously during the last two or three decades and is shown in full by Falta and Meyers.[106] The endocrine syndromes as now understood have been briefly summarized by Blumgarten[107] in a very graphic form as follows:— THYROID STIGMATA _Symptoms of So-called Hyperactivity_