Temporal Lobe—Lesions in the posterior half of the first temporal may cause Wernicke's sensory aphasia and a subcortical involvement, word deafness. Bilateral destruction of the first and transverse temporals causes cortical deafness. Extensive bilateral lesions in the lower part of these lobes result in mind deafness. Irritative lesions in the uncinate gyrus lead to hallucinations of taste and smell, with smacking of the lips and tongue movements. Island of Reil—Lesions of the anterior part cause symptoms resembling Broca's motor aphasia. Lesions of the posterior part result in symptoms suggesting Wernicke's sensory aphasia. Transcortical motor and sensory aphasia may result. Occipital Lobes—Lesions of the calcarine area give rise to hemianopsia, and bicortical involvements lead to cortical blindness. Bilateral lesions of the lateral surface may cause mind blindness. Disturbances in the centrum ovale may cause monoplegias or monoanesthesias, and lesions in the corpus callosum, apraxic symptoms. Characteristic of cerebellar lesions are ataxias and disturbances of equilibrium, often with vertigo and paroxysmal vomiting. An involvement of the corpora quadrigemina may cause pupillary changes, unilateral or bilateral paralysis of eye muscles, nystagmus, visual disturbances, deafness and ataxia or anesthesia. Lesions of the cerebral peduncles may give rise to very characteristic syndromes. If the tegmentum and pes pedunculi (basis pedunculi) are both involved, there may be a complete hemiplegia of the opposite side with an oculomotor paralysis on the same side (Weber-Gubler syndrome). Or there may be in addition to this a marked tremor in the limbs of the paralyzed side (Benedikt's syndrome). A unilateral oculomotor paralysis may be combined with a cerebellar ataxia (Nothnagel's syndrome). The thalmic syndrome of Déjerine and Roussy shows a contralateral hemianesthesia, violent and persistent pains on the anesthetic side, hemiataxia, hemichorea or hemiathetosis, slight temporary hemiparesis and sometimes hyperesthesia. Lesions further back, possibly involving the internal capsule, may cause hemianesthesia of touch, pain and temperature senses.