Three thousand four hundred and sixty-two cases diagnosed as alcoholic psychoses were admitted to the New York state hospitals during a period of eight years (1912 to 1919 inclusive). Of these, pathological intoxication constituted 2.91 per cent, delirium tremens, 5.97 per cent, Korsakow's psychosis, 20.94 per cent, acute hallucinosis, 37.31 per cent, chronic hallucinosis, 3.66 per cent, acute paranoid states, 5.01 per cent, chronic paranoid states, 3.78 per cent, and alcoholic deterioration, 8.34 per cent. The remainder represented miscellaneous types variously described. These figures, of course, relate largely to a time when there were no restrictions on the sale of alcoholic beverages. During 1918 and 1919 the admission rate for alcoholic psychoses in New York was only 4.58 per cent. In Massachusetts in 1919 it was 7.47 per cent, and in twenty-one other hospitals in various states it was 5.04 per cent. A study of 34,935 first admissions to forty-eight hospitals in sixteen different states during 1917, 1918 and 1919 showed the alcoholic psychoses to represent 5.07 per cent of the total number. With the advent of prohibition the alcoholic psychoses as far as this country is concerned have become a matter of little more than historical interest. The admission rate in the New York state hospitals for 1920 was only 1.9 per cent. CHAPTER VIII THE PSYCHOSES DUE TO DRUGS AND OTHER EXOGENOUS TOXINS Opium is a drug which has been in quite common use for many centuries. According to E. M. Holmes of London, it was known to Theophrastus nearly three hundred years before the Christian era and two different forms were described by Dioscorides in the neighborhood of 77 A.D. Nicander (185 to 135 B.C.) discussed at some length the effects of a "drink prepared from the tears which exude from poppy heads." Pliny in the first century A.D. recorded several cases of suicide by means of opium, which he spoke of as not being a rare occurrence. The drug is said to have been introduced into China by the Arabs in the thirteenth century. An edict prohibiting opium smoking was issued by the emperor Yung Cheng in 1729. It was not until 1909 that the British government agreed to completely prohibit the importation of morphine into China. The sale and use of narcotics has, however, been regulated in India for many years. Morphine, the first alkaloid ever discovered, was isolated and named by Sertürner, a German apothecary, in 1805. Over twenty derivatives of opium have been reported since that time. The real history of morphinomania, according to Erlenmeyer, began in 1864. As far as can be determined, opium was not grown in America until 1865. In 1906 it was estimated that over thirteen millions of people were addicted to opium smoking in China alone.