The German psychiatrists during the first part of the nineteenth century were divided into two quite separate groups. One of these insisted that all mental diseases were purely psychic in origin, and the other, that they were in all instances directly attributable to somatic disease processes. The former school was ably represented by Heinroth and Ideler and the latter by Jacobi, Nasse and Friedreich. This led to a controversy which lasted for many years. Heinroth's views were illustrated by his statement[262] that "Insanity is the loss of moral liberty. It never depends upon a physical cause; it is not a disease of the body but of the mind—a sin.... The man who has during his whole life before his eyes and in his heart the image of God, has no reason to fear that he will ever lose his reason.... Man possesses a certain moral power which cannot be conquered by any physical power, and which only falls under the weight of his own faults.... From wrong doing springs all misfortune, including the disorders of the mind." His principal work was a "Lehrbuch der Seelenkunde," published in Leipsic in 1818. The teachings of the psychic school were summarized by von Feuchtersleben[263] as follows:—"The mind is the immediate seat of the disease, the bodily suffering is secondary. Mental disorders may be clearly traced to their origin, Sin, Error, Passion. Diseases of the brain, on the contrary, and of all the organs, occur, even in their greatest intensity, without mental disturbance, as also the latter without the former. The psychical mode of cure is that which is properly efficient; the somatic remedies in reality act psychically; for instance through pain, diversion of the thoughts, stupefaction, terror. Pathological anatomy has not discovered any decided relation between disorganization of the brain and mental disorders." In 1836 Friedreich[264]in opposing Heinroth's views outlined thirteen reasons for believing that all psychic disorders were somatic in origin:—"1. Because the mind cannot become diseased; 2. because the greater part of the causes producing those conditions is somatic; 3. because in all mental disorders there are somatic symptoms in addition; 4. because they are too permanent for pure conditions of the mind; 5. because they are subject to cosmical and telluric states; 6. because their crises always take place in a material way; 7. because they are not infrequently removed by strong material influences; 8. because the somatic mode of cure alone has a direct sanatory effect, the psychical at most an indirect effect on the body; 9. because the occurrence of psychical indisposition on one side only, must arise from the duality of the brain; 10. because the return of reason before death occurs in cases not only of psychical, but likewise of somatic diseases, and may be physically accounted for; 11. because mental disorders correspond with the temperaments; 12. because it may be proved that there are