Metapsychical Phenomena: Methods and ObservationsMaxwell, J. (Joseph)
Philosophy
Metapsychical Phenomena: Methods and Observations
Maxwell, J. (Joseph)
Parapsychology -- Investigation
To sum up, limiting ourselves simply to published documents, we see
that the English experimenters paid no attention to the conditions
under which it is expedient to operate, that they tired out the medium,
surrounded her with elements of suspicion, encouraged her to fraud—Dr.
Hodgson especially—and finally concealed from her the severe judgment
they had formed about her. As Richet says, the Cambridge experiments
prove only one thing, which is, that in that particular series of
seances Eusapia frauded with her well-known methods, but it is rash to
conclude thereupon that she has always frauded.[41]
[41] ‘_A Cambridge Eusapia pendant une série de séances a
fraudé avec ses procédés connus._ Voilà la première conclusion.
Et voici la seconde. _En mettant Eusapia dans l’impossibilité
de frauder, pendant cette même série d’expériences de
Cambridge, Eusapia n’a pas pu produire un seul phénomène
vrai...._
‘Il me paraît qu’il est téméraire de conclure que tous les
phénomènes produits ou présumés produits par Eusapia sont
faux.... Sous des influences morales et psychologiques
dont la nature nous échappe, pendant un très long temps
Eusapia est incapable de pouvoir exercer une action vraie
quelconque, et peut-être, à Cambridge elle s’est trouvée dans
ces conditions.... J’en conclus qu’il n’y a encore rien de
démontré, ni dans un sens, ni dans l’autre, et qu’il faut
courageusement poursuivre la recherche; et expérimenter
encore.’—CHARLES RICHET. (_Journal S. P. R._, vii. 179.)
The analysis of the documents published permits me to ascertain:—
1. Demonstration of fraud in certain hypothetical cases.
2. Omission to indicate if the medium was conscious or in trance.
3. Omission to discuss phenomena non-explicable by fraud.
4. Apparent contradiction between Dr. Hodgson’s statements and
those of other experimenters.
5. Omission to analyse if Eusapia’s suspicious movements were
not muscular movements synchronous with the phenomena. This
omission is capital, and demonstrates the relative inexperience
of the Cambridge group.
6. Evident bias of Dr. Hodgson, who had taken up a decided stand,
and treated Eusapia’s phenomena as fraudulent before having
seen them.
In a word, the Cambridge experimenters operated under bad conditions:
they could not obtain any good results by acting as they did. But,
even under these wretched conditions, they ought to have received
some veridical phenomena, and the reading of their publications leads
us to presume they did receive some. In any case, their report does
not demonstrate that everything was explicable by fraud, and is not
sufficient to justify the sweeping judgment they brought to bear upon
Eusapia Paladino.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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