Meteorology: The Science of the AtmosphereTalman, Charles Fitzhugh
Science
Meteorology: The Science of the Atmosphere
Talman, Charles Fitzhugh
Meteorology
Meteorology is essentially an _international_ science. The atmosphere
knows no political boundaries, and the more it is studied the more
strongly meteorologists are impressed with the fact that intimate
relations exist between the atmospheric events of widely separated
regions of the world. Thus, the great anticyclone that is built up
every year over the cold interior of Siberia exercises an influence
upon the weather of the United States; the behavior of the Indian
monsoons has been found to have some connection with barometric
conditions in South America; and fluctuations in the force of the
trade winds are apparently of world-wide significance--whence these
winds have been described as the “pulse” of the general atmospheric
circulation. The French meteorologist L. Teisserenc de Bort called
attention many years ago to the existence of what he called “centers
of action”; viz., large permanent or semi-permanent areas of high and
low barometric pressure, the variations of which correspond strikingly
with the vicissitudes of wind and weather in countries thousands of
miles distant. Last but not least, persistent attempts have been made
to interpret all the weather happenings on our globe in terms of a
fluctuating supply of radiant energy received from the sun.
Fortunately meteorology has possessed an international organization
for a great many years. The International Meteorological Organization
was founded at a conference held at Leipzig in 1872, and was perfected
at a formal congress of meteorologists convoked at Vienna in the
following year. The International Meteorological Committee, which is
the permanent working body of the organization, was established at
the Vienna Congress. Finally, the organization was reconstituted at a
conference held at Paris, by invitation of the French Government, in
1919.
The International Committee consists of not more than twenty members,
all of whom are directors of official meteorological services. It
is supposed to meet at least once in three years. At less frequent
intervals are held “conferences,” to which are invited representatives
of all the meteorological services and the principal independent
meteorological observatories of the world. Attached to the organization
are several international “commissions,” which supervise and coordinate
the work of meteorologists in various special fields. At the close of
the year 1921 there were commissions on the following subjects:
Agricultural Meteorology, Weather Telegraphy, Marine Meteorology,
Solar Radiation, Application of Meteorology to Aerial Navigation,
Réseau Mondial, and Polar Meteorology, Investigation of the Upper Air,
Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Study of Clouds.
Each commission includes in its membership at least one member of the
International Committee, besides a number of experts, from different
countries, in the particular subject with which the commission is
concerned.
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