In Germany there are several mutually independent meteorological establishments, of which the Prussian Meteorological Institute, with headquarters in Berlin, is the most important with respect to climatology and research, while the Deutsche Seewarte, at Hamburg, is the chief center for telegraphic weather reports and issues the principal weather map. Russia, before her debacle, had one of the most splendidly organized meteorological services in the world, with headquarters at the Central Physical Observatory in Petrograd, and a separate service for agricultural meteorology, which was the model institution of its kind. The Philippine Islands have a Weather Bureau which is entirely distinct from that of the United States. This Bureau, with headquarters at the Manila Observatory, was founded by the Jesuits, who also maintain a quasi-official meteorological service in China, with headquarters at the Zikawei Observatory, near Shanghai. Many meteorological societies have done much for the progress of the science, and in some cases have shared the duties of the official meteorological services, especially in maintaining stations for climatology. These include the Royal Meteorological Society and the former Scottish Meteorological Society, in Great Britain, the French, Italian, German, Austrian, and Japanese meteorological societies, and the American Meteorological Society, which was founded in December, 1919. CHAPTER XIV WEATHER MAPS AND FORECASTS “Forecast”--with the stress on the first syllable when it is a noun, but often on the second when it is a verb--is a word that meteorology has made peculiarly its own. This fact is not the result of accident, but of design. The founder of scientific weather prediction in Great Britain was Admiral Robert FitzRoy--the same talented officer who explored the coasts of South America in the _Beagle_ and had Darwin for a fellow-voyager--and his first predictions were issued in 1861 from the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade, which was under his charge. The boldness of this pioneer undertaking is not easily realized by the present generation, which is accustomed to see the official weather forecast at the head of every daily newspaper. Weather prognostication had previously been the undisputed province of charlatans and quacks. For a civilized government to embark upon such an enterprise must have seemed, to the educated public, very much like charging the Astronomer Royal with the duty of casting horoscopes. [Illustration: A GLASS WEATHER MAP OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU (_Courtesy of U. S. Weather Bureau._)]