[Illustration: ELECTRICAL SUNSHINE RECORDER] At the larger stations of the United States Weather Bureau the direction and speed of the wind, the rainfall and the duration of sunshine are all recorded on a single sheet of paper, wound around a large cylinder, which is turned by clockwork. The paper is ruled with lines to denote the hours and minutes of the day, and a fresh sheet is put on the cylinder every day at noon. This complex registering device, sometimes called in book language a _meteorograph_, but colloquially referred to by weather men as the “triple register,” is entitled to high rank among labor-saving machines; for, with hardly any attention, except for a few minutes at noon, it does the work of a staff of trained meteorologists on duty day and night. [Illustration: BRITISH TYPE OF SUNSHINE RECORDER (_Campbell-Stokes Pattern_)] We have now enumerated the elements of weather most commonly observed at meteorological stations, and the principal types of meteorological instruments, with special reference to those used in the United States. In nearly every civilized country there are certain stations at which regular observations are maintained of a number of phenomena not mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs, such as the intensity of solar radiation (measured with the _pyrheliometer_), evaporation (measured with _atmometers_ or _evaporimeters_), and the temperature of the soil; and the number of stations is rapidly growing at which the winds and weather far aloft in the atmosphere are observed by means of kites and balloons. Meteorologists of the Old World use a great many types of apparatus that are rarely seen in this country, and some of our instruments are but little known abroad. CHAPTER VI CLOUDLAND One of the things a tea kettle is good for is to provide, by means of the little cloud seen at its nozzle and erroneously called “steam,” an example of what happens when the invisible gas that is truly steam, or water vapor, is cooled below its dew point in the free air. This cloud has, however, been the starting point of a vast number of halfway explanations. A generation or so ago physicists were content to say that aqueous vapor turns to drops of water in the air merely on account of being cooled. The question of how the drops get their start, or why the moisture forms drops at all, does not seem to have troubled them.