Another important fact about water drops in the atmosphere has come to light within the last half century. Since water is much heavier than air, meteorologists of an earlier generation were puzzled by the fact that the drops in clouds apparently float, instead of falling to the ground. In the attempt to account for this supposed floating, bygone authorities assumed that the drops were hollow “vesicles,” like little bubbles. This assumption was eventually disproved by the optical phenomena exhibited by the drops, as well as on other physical grounds. Moreover, it is now known that a cloud never really floats, though the rate at which its constituent particles fall with respect to the air is generally very small, on account of the resistance they encounter. Thus a very slight upward current usually suffices to maintain the altitude of a cloud, or even to increase it. The speed with which a drop falls increases with its size. Hence large drops may fall rapidly from great heights all the way to the ground, constituting rain; but in a great many cases such drops evaporate on falling into warmer air below the cloud level, and thus the lower surface of the visible cloud remains at about a constant height. The drops in clouds and fog have often been measured, either by noting their optical effects or by microscopic examination. Many are found to be from 0.0006 to 0.0008 inch in diameter. The speed with which such drops fall through still air can be calculated. A drop 0.0008 inch in diameter falls at the rate of about half an inch a second, or 150 feet an hour. Even if a cloud consisting of such drops preserved its integrity for an hour or more while sinking, its descent at this slow rate would hardly be perceptible from the ground. Some clouds consist of ice needles or tiny snowflakes. Apparently these icy particles are produced directly in solid form, without passing through the liquid stage. It is supposed that, like drops, they require nuclei on which to condense, but this matter has not been fully investigated. Another point that awaits elucidation is the fact that the clouds that form in air much below the freezing point sometimes consist of water and sometimes of ice. The common fleecy clouds of our winter skies are composed of water drops, and such clouds also occur in the polar regions. Dr. G. C. Simpson, when serving as meteorologist of Scott’s antarctic expedition, observed fog consisting of liquid water at a temperature of 29° below zero, Fahrenheit. Why such greatly “undercooled” drops should sometimes occur in the atmosphere when at other times, with higher temperatures, atmospheric moisture takes the form of ice is not at all clear.