A foreign squadron, 348--The pretext and the cause, 348--Spain and England withdraw, 349--The policy of Napoleon III., 349--A proposed empire, 349--Maximilian, 350; dreams of "the right divine," 352--The French troops advance on the capital, 353--Divisions in Mexico 353--The _Cinco de Mayo_, 354--A bold attack, 355--Defence of Puebla, 356. XXXVII. THE EMPIRE UNDER PROTECTION 357-364 The sovereigns arrive, 357--The imperialist party, 357--Reception of Maximilian, 358--Relics of royalty, 359--Military affairs, 360--The new government, 362--Chapultepec restored, 363--Society at the capital, 363--Apparent prosperity, 364. XXXVIII. THE UNPROTECTED EMPIRE 365-372 Action of the United States, 365--Responsibility for the intervention, 366--The final word of Napoleon, 367--Carlotta goes to Europe, 368--Her interview with Napoleon, 369--Maximilian leaves the capital, 370--At Orizaba, 371--Father Fischer, 371--The Emperor's manifesto, 372. XXXIX. MAXIMILIAN 373-382 The French army withdrawn, 373--Advance of Juarez, 374--The Emperor and his attendants, 374--Investment of Querétaro, 375--Márquez and Diaz, 375--Personal appearance of the Emperor, 376--The treachery of Lopez, 377--Maximilian a prisoner, 378; his death, 380. XL. END OF THE EPISODE 383-385 General Vidaurri, 383--The escape of Márquez, 384--General Diaz, 384--Puebla, 385--Vigor of the liberal government, 385. XLI. THE LAST OF SANTA ANNA 386-391 Juarez enters the capital, 386--Peace established, 387--Santa Anna in retirement, 387; his exile and death, 388--Character of Juarez, 389--Civil war again, 390--Death of Juarez, 390--Lerdo becomes President, 391. XLII. PORFIRIO DIAZ 392-401 A new "Plan," 392--Birthplace of Diaz, 392--Scenery of Oaxaca, 393--The Zapotecas, 393--Ruins of Mitla, 394--Early life of Diaz, 394; his military achievements, 395--An escape from hostile troops, 396--Triumph of the opposition, 396--Diaz proclaimed President, 397--Presidency of Gonsalez, 398--Policy of Diaz, 399--Chapultepec at the present day, 399--Hope for the Indian, 400--Prospects of development, 401. XLIII. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES 402-411 Climate and vegetation, 402--Mexican flora, 403--The market-place, 404--A family group, 404--Native pottery, 405--The _cargador_, 405--Wearing apparel, 406--_Serape_ and _rebozo_, 406, 407--The cotton industry, 408--The source of Mexican wealth, 409. XLIV. FUTURE 412-419 Influence of the Catholic Fathers, 412--Extinction of monasteries, 412--The parish priest, 413--The Mozarabic liturgy, 413--A missionary field, 414--The policy of the government, 414--Schools, 415--Literature in modern Mexico, 416--The Mexican-Spaniard, 417--Railways, 418--Brighter days to come, 419.