„ of Adelaide or Alice, Countess of Hainault, 462 Tomb of Alexander de Berneval, Architect of the Church of St. Ouen, at Rouen, 472 Tomb of Du Guesclin, 464 „ St. Elizabeth of Hungary, 461 „ Louis, Duke of Orleans, and Valentine of Milan, his Wife, 468 Tomb of Philip Pot, Grand Seneschal of Burgundy, 466 Tomb of St. Remigius, 469 „ Sibylle, Wife of Guy de Lusignan, 471 Torments of Hell, The, 485 Tortures inflicted by the Catholics upon the Huguenots in the South of France, 442 Tour du Télégraphe, Narbonne, Fourteenth Century, 6 Tower of Beaucaire, Thirteenth Century, 6 „ the Castle of Fougères, Twelfth Century, 6 Tower of the Castle of Loches, Twelfth Century, 6 Tower of Notre-Dame des Bois, Eleventh Century, 487 Tower of the Wall of Provins, Twelfth Century, 6 Treaty of Arras, Conclusion of the, in 1191, 293 Tree of Battles, The, 29 Triumph of Christ, The, Seventeenth Century, 272 „ the Lamb, The, Twelfth Century, 229 Triumphal Vessel drawn in a Car at the Funeral Ceremony of the Emperor Charles V., 492 Turreted Vessel that protected the Port of Venice, 77 Tympan in the Portico of the Church of Sémur, Eleventh Century, 346 Urban II. presiding over the Council of Clermont, in 1095, 262 Virgin of St. Luke, The so-called, 369 War Trophy of Barbarian Prisoners, Second Century, 39 Watch-tower, Fifteenth Century, 69 Wickliff, John, 409 Works of Charity, Fifteenth Century, 346 Zizim transferred to Charles VIII., 178 Zwingle, Ulrich, 416 [Illustration] MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, AND AT THE PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE. FEUDALISM. Origin.--Barbaric Laws.--Enfeoffment.--Charlemagne and the Church.--First Construction of Strongholds.--Vassal and Suzerain.--Feudal Rights.--The Truce of God.--Feudal Churches and Abbeys.--Communal Principles.--New Townships.--Origin of the French Bourgeoisie.--The English Magna Charta.--Alienation of Fiefs.--Liberation of the Serfs.--Imperial Cities.--Feudal Rights of the Bishops.--St. Louis.--Wars between France and England.--The _Bulle d’Or_.--The States-General.--Origin of the Third Estate.