SKENFRITH. Bagnall-Oakeley, E. (_Bristol and Glouc. Archaeol. Soc._, xx. 93-6). —— Clark, ii. 467-72. SOUTHAMPTON (town walls). Clark, ii. 472-81. —— Hope, W. H. St John (_Proc. Soc. Antiq._, 2nd series, xvii. 221-4). STOKESAY. De la Touche, G. (_Journal British Archaeol. Assoc._, xxiv. 238-40). —— J. G. D. (_Archaeologia Cambrensis_, xvi. 299-304). SUFFOLK CASTLES. Redstone, V. B. Suffolk Castles (_Suffolk Archaeol. Inst._, xi. 301-19). SUSSEX CASTLES. Blaauw, W. H. Royal licences to fortify towns and houses in Sussex (_Sussex Archaeol. Collections_, xiii. 104-17). SWANSEA. Capper, C. (_Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 5th series, iii. 302-7). TAMWORTH. Clark, ii. 481-8. TATTERSHALL. Sympson, E. Mansel (_Memorials of Old Lincolnshire_, 1911, pp. 179-97). TICKHILL. Clark, ii. 494-9. TRETOWER. Clark, ii. 499-503. TUTBURY. Clark, ii. 505-8. WARK. Bates, _Border Holds_. WARKWORTH. Bates, _Border Holds_. WELLS (bishop’s palace). Davis, C. E. (_Journal British Archaeol. Assoc._, xiii. 177-86). WINGFIELD. Cox, J. C. (_Derbyshire Archaeol. Soc._, viii. 65-78). —— Edmunds, W. H. Guide to Wingfield Manor. YORK. Clark, ii. 534-48 (The Defences of York). —— Cooper, T. P. York, The Story of its Walls and Castles. London, 1904. —— —— The Castle of York. London, 1912. YORKSHIRE CASTLES. Thompson, A. Hamilton. The Castles of Yorkshire (_Memorials of Old Yorkshire_, 1909, pp. 236-64). MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGES CHAPTER I EARLY EARTHWORKS AND ROMAN STATIONS The history of military fortification in England begins with those strongholds which, at vast expense of labour, the early inhabitants of Britain hewed out of the soil, surrounding defensible positions with ramparts of earth, divided by deep fosses. The approximate date of these earthworks can be determined only by excavation, and a vast amount of work remains to be done in this direction. The number, however, of those which can be proved to be earlier than the Roman occupation is very large; and, of this number, a considerable portion, including some of the most stupendous examples of fortified hill-camps, may have been the work of neolithic man some two thousand years before the Christian era. Relative dates in this connection concern us less than principles of fortification. The hill-camps of pre-Roman Britain may be divided roughly into two classes. In the first place, there are those which occupy the summit of a promontory of high land, which slopes so steeply on all sides but one that artificial defence is necessary on that side alone. The second class is that of the so-called “contour forts,” in which the summit of a hill is utilised for the camp, and encircled by trenches following the contour of the ground. [Illustration: Maiden Castle]