The castle, then, was a Norman importation into England. It was a stronghold with a definite plan, so that the word _castel_ had no vague meaning to English ears. It is found in many cases in close proximity to a _burh_, or fortified dwelling of a community; but it was a royal stronghold, in charge of an individual, and its intention was at once to protect and to keep the _burh_ in subjection. Or, again, it may occupy, as at Tutbury or Conisbrough, the whole site of an early _burh_; but in such cases the character of the _burh_ is entirely changed by the presence of the castle, and the dwelling-place of the community is shifted to the outskirts of the enclosure. At York, Lincoln, and other places where a castle was constructed within part of a _burh_, Domesday tells us that the site was _vastata in castellis_—_i.e._, that houses were taken down to make room for the new earthworks. A figure of eight, with the lower portion elongated and widened to form the bailey, may be taken as the normal form of the castle plan. Often, as at Berkhampstead (42), where the mount and bailey were surrounded by a broad wet ditch and outer earthworks, the bailey is much the larger portion of the figure on plan; and it was only in small and unimportant strongholds that the bailey formed, as at Mexborough, a mere forecourt to the mount. At Alnwick (115) the mount stood as part of the outer defences of the enclosure, on the slope to the river; but it was so placed that it divided a western or outer from an eastern or inner ward or bailey, and almost filled up the space between them. The arrangement at Berkeley (186) is somewhat similar. If the larger mount at Lincoln (40) were removed to the centre of the present enclosure, and the lines of the curtain-wall returned inwards to meet it, the plan of Alnwick would be obtained. Possibly, however, both at Alnwick and Berkeley, the outer ward may form an extension of the earlier plan, or may have been merely a covering platform, like the outer earthworks at Hastings. The later stone defences have obscured the original designs in both cases. [Illustration: Clun; Plan]