In France the mount was usually known as the _motte_ from the turf of which it was composed, and the occurrence of the word Lamotte as part of a place-name is as tell-tale as a name like Mount Bures in England. But a common name for the _motte_, employed by medieval writers, was the Latin _dunio_ or _domgio_, a debased form of the word _dominio_. This became in French _donjon_, and in English _dungeon_. The _motte_ at Canterbury is still known by the corrupted name of the Dane John. The mount, the symbol of the dominion of the feudal lord, and the centre of his _dominium_ or demesne, bore his strong tower; and to this tower the name of the mount was transferred. When the tower on the mount was superseded by the heavy and lofty rectangular or cylindrical tower of later times, the new tower kept the old name. By a strange transference of meaning, our English _dungeon_, frequently applied to the chief tower of a castle until the seventeenth century, became connected with the vaults or store-rooms in the basement of such a tower, and now reminds us less of the dominion of the castle builders than of the cruelty with which they are supposed to have exercised that dominion. [Illustration: Colchester Castle: great tower or keep.] It may safely be assumed that the very large majority of castles of the eleventh and early twelfth century were constructed on this plan. There were exceptions, and certainly several English castles have stonework of the period of the Conquest. London and Colchester (47) had rectangular donjons from the first. At Richmond (93) the stonework of part of the curtain and of the lower part of the rectangular tower-keep is unquestionably of the eleventh century, when the castle was constructed by Alan of Brittany. In several other places, in the curtain at Tamworth (48) and in part of the curtain at Lincoln, there is eleventh century stonework. But more will be said of these cases later. It is enough to say here that, in most cases, stonework forms a late Norman or Plantagenet addition to early Norman earthwork. At Newcastle part of the early mount remained, side by side with the late twelfth century tower-keep, until within the last hundred years. Warkworth, most instructive of English castles, preserves the base of its mount and the area of its original bailey: the mount bears a strong tower-house of the early fifteenth century; on the line of the bank of the bailey is a stone curtain of about the year 1200; within the area is a series of elaborate and beautiful buildings of two or three dates (49). Warkworth is the epitome of the history of the castle, from its Norman origin to its practical identification, in the later middle ages, with the large manor house; and to Warkworth we shall return more than once. [Illustration: Tamworth; Eleventh Century Stonework] [Illustration: Warkworth; Plan]