The mount-and-bailey castle has been derived by some from a Teutonic origin,[52] but it is difficult to trace it with any certainty at an early period outside France and Normandy. There are many remains of these castles in Normandy itself. The famous castle of Domfront (Orne), founded originally by Guillaume Talvas (_d._ 1030), ancestor of the house of Bellême, possibly took this form: as at Newcastle, a rectangular tower of stone took the place, in the twelfth century, of the tower on the mount.[53] The writer of a monograph on the castle of Domfront enumerates five such mounts which exist or are known to have existed within the local _arrondissement_.[54] Two, at Sept-Forges and Lucé, remain intact, covered by plantations of trees. At Sept-Forges the church and castle were side by side, as may still be seen at Earls Barton in Northamptonshire.[55] At Lucé there are traces of a bailey. On the other hand, at La Baroche, a large mount seems to have borne the whole castle: one may compare with this the great mount of Restormel in Cornwall, which is the natural summit of a hill, artificially scarped and surrounded by a fosse, like a contour fort of early times. It is important to notice that on these artificial mounts of southern Normandy, there appears “no ruin, no trace of construction in masonry.” The inference is obvious. The buildings which they carried were of wood, and have yielded to the action of fire or the weather. On no other hypothesis can the speed with which castles were constructed in England after the Conquest, or the ease with which they were destroyed, be explained. William’s subjects in Normandy threw up fortifications against him with a speed which positively forbids us to imagine that they procured masons to work in stone. In 1061, Robert, son of Giroie, one of the powerful nobles of the Alençonnais, joined forces with the Angevins against William, and fortified his castles of La-Roche-sur-Igé and Saint-Cénéri. His cousin, Arnold, son of Robert, driven from the castle of Échauffour, returned secretly and burned it.[56] The quickness with which the two castles at York were constructed, destroyed, and repaired, allowed no time for dressing stone. The points which our evidence leads us to accept may be recapitulated as follows:—(1) The castle was a foreign importation into England, of the period of the Norman conquest. (2) It consisted, in its simplest form, of a moated mount or _motte_, with a bailey or base-court attached. (3) Its earliest fortifications were entirely of timber, save in rare instances.