The author desires to express his thanks, first to his wife, without whose constant help in the preparation of the book and in the provision of drawings and plans to illustrate its pages, it could hardly have been written. Mr Francis Bond, the editor of this series, has aided the author with unfailing kindness, by reading through the proofs, making suggestions as to the general form of the book, and arranging for its adequate illustration. To the following, who have kindly allowed the use of photographs, special thanks should be returned: Mrs Jessie Lloyd, the Revs. J. Bailey and G. W. Saunders, and Messrs Harold Baker, F. Bond, J. P. Gibson, F.S.A., G. J. Gillham, G. Hepworth, P. M. Johnston, F.S.A., R. Keene, W. Maitland, E. A. and G. R. Reeve, F. R. Taylor, and G. H. Widdows. The editors of the _Archaeological Journal_ have sanctioned the use of various plans from the annual programmes of the Archaeological Institute. Mr A. Hadrian Allcroft and Messrs Macmillan have given consent to the reproduction of three illustrations from Mr Allcroft’s _Earthwork of England_. Permission to found the plan of Chepstow castle on one in the official _Guide_ to that building was kindly given by his Grace the Duke of Beaufort, through Mr Noel H. P. Somerset. MM. Camille Enlart and Auguste Picard have permitted the insertion of a plan of Château-Gaillard, founded on that in M. Enlart’s _Manuel_. Mr R. Blair, F.S.A., has authorised a similar use of illustrations founded on those of Dr Bruce’s _Roman Wall_. Thanks are also due to the editor of the _Yorkshire Archæological Journal_ for the plan of Sandal castle, and to Mr W. G. Watkins, jun., for his plan of Lincoln castle. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr Godfrey L. Clark for his liberality in putting at the disposal of the writer valuable plans and drawings from his father’s work. The author much regrets that questions of space and cost have prevented him from taking advantage of more than a limited number of the generous offers of illustration which reached him during the preparation of the book for the press. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE vii BIBLIOGRAPHY xiii I. EARLY EARTHWORKS AND ROMAN STATIONS 1 II. THE SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD 21 III. THE ENGLISH CASTLE AFTER THE CONQUEST 35 IV. THE PROGRESS OF ATTACK AND DEFENCE 58 V. THE BEGINNING OF THE STONE CASTLE 83 VI. THE KEEP OF THE NORMAN CASTLE 110 VII. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION: CYLINDRICAL TOWER-KEEPS 160 VIII. THE DWELLING-HOUSE IN THE CASTLE 188