[99] Roger de Wendover, _Chronica_. ‘Calcem vivam, et in pulverem subtilem redactam, in altum projicientes, vento illam ferente, Francorum oculos excæcaverunt.’ [100] Brenton, i. 635. [101] _De Jure Maritimo_, i. 265. [102] Rees’s _Cyclopædia_, ‘Fire-ship.’ [103] Brenton, ii. 493, 494. [104] Halleck, ii. 317. [105] Woolsey, _International Law_, 187. [106] James, i. 277. [107] Phillimore, _International Law_, iii. 50-52. [108] _International Law_, ii. 95. [109] Villiaumé, _L’Esprit de la Guerre_, 56. [110] De Commines, viii. 8. [111] Watson’s _Philip II._, ii. 74. [112] _Ibid._ i. 213. [113] _Memoirs_, c. 19. [114] Villiaumé (_L’Esprit de la Guerre_, 71) gives the following version: ‘En 1793 et en 1794, le gouvernement anglais ayant violé le droit des gens contre la République Française, la Convention, dans un accès de brutale colère, décréta qu’il ne serait plus fait aucun prisonnier anglais ou hanovrien, c’est-à-dire que les vaincus seraient mis à mort, encore qu’ils se rendissent. Mais ce décret fut simplement comminatoire; le Comité de Salut Public, sachant très-bien que de misérables soldats n’étaient point coupables, donna l’ordre secret de faire grâce à tous les vaincus.’ [115] Herodotus, vii. 136. [116] Livy, xlv. 42. [117] _Ibid._ xlv. 43. [118] Ward, _Law of Nations_, i. 250. [119] Petitot’s _Mémoires_, xvi. 177. [120] Livy, xlii. 8, 9. [121] Monstrelet, _Chronicles_, i. 200. [122] _Ibid._ i. 224. [123] _Ibid._ i. 249. [124] _Ibid._ i. 259. [125] Monstrelet, ii. 156. [126] _Ibid._ 120. [127] Philip de Commines, ii. 1. [128] _Ibid._ ii. 2. [129] _Ibid._ ii. 14. [130] Philip de Commines, iii. 9. [131] Motley’s _United Netherlands_, iii. 323. [132] Vattel, iii. 8, 143. [133] Borbstaedt, _Franco-German War_ (translation), 662. [134] Ward, i. 223. [135] Quintus Curtius, iv. 6, and Grote, viii. 368. [136] Quintus Curtius, vii. 11. [137] _Ibid._ iv. 15. [138] Arrian, iii. 18. [139] Quintus Curtius, vii. 5. [140] ‘Tous deux furent très braves, très vaillants, fort bizarres et cruels.’ [141] Lyttleton, _Henry II._, i. 183. [142] Hoveden, 697. [143] 2 Samuel xii. 31. [144] _Memoirs of a Cavalier_, i. 47. [145] _Memoirs of a Cavalier_, 49. [146] ‘Life of Bayard’ in Petitot’s _Mémoires_, xvi. 9. [147] Major-General Mitchell’s _Biographies of Eminent Soldiers_, 92. [148] Livy, xxxi. 40. When Pelium was taken by storm, only the slaves were taken as spoil; the freemen were even let off without ransom. [149] _Ibid._ xxviii. 3. [150] _Ibid._ xxviii. 20, xxvii. 16, xxxi. 27. [151] _De Officiis_, i. 12. Yet on this passage is founded the common assertion that among the Romans ‘the word which signified stranger was the same with that which in its original denoted an enemy’ (Ward, ii. 174); implying that in their eyes a stranger and an enemy were one and the same thing. Cicero says exactly the reverse.