HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA VOLUME 8 [Illustration: THE OLD VINCENNES TRACE NEAR XENIA, ILLINOIS] HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA VOLUME 8 Military Roads of the Mississippi Basin The Conquest of the Old Northwest BY ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT _With Maps and Illustrations_ [Illustration] THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY CLEVELAND, OHIO 1904 COPYRIGHT, 1904 BY THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE 11 I. THE CLARK ROUTES THROUGH ILLINOIS 15 II. MIAMI VALLEY CAMPAIGNS 72 III. ST. CLAIR'S CAMPAIGN 108 IV. WAYNE AND FALLEN TIMBER 160 APPENDIXES 219 ILLUSTRATIONS I. THE OLD VINCENNES TRACE NEAR XENIA, ILLINOIS _Frontispiece_ II. SKETCH MAP OF PART OF ILLINOIS, SHOWING CLARK'S ROUTES 21 III. HUTCHINS'S SKETCH OF THE WABASH IN 1768 (showing trace of the path to Kaskaskia; from the original in the British Museum) 35 IV. THE ST. LOUIS TRACE NEAR LAWRENCEVILLE, ILLINOIS 62 V. A PART OF ARROWSMITH'S MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, 1796 (showing the region in which Wilkinson, Scott, Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne operated) 117 VI. DR. BELKNAP'S MAP OF WAYNE'S ROUTE IN THE MAUMEE VALLEY, 1794 (from the original in the Library of Harvard University) 197 PREFACE This volume treats of five of the early campaigns in the portion of America known as the Mississippi Basin--Clark's campaigns against Kaskaskia and Vincennes in 1778 and 1779; and Harmar's, St. Clair's, and Wayne's campaigns against the northwestern Indians in 1790, 1791, and 1793-94. Much as has been written concerning Clark's famous march through the "drowned lands of the Wabash," the important question of his route has been untouched, and the story from that standpoint untold. The history of the campaign is here made subservient to a study of the route and to an attempted identification of the various places, and a determination of their present-day names. Four volumes of the Draper Manuscripts in the library of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin give a vast deal of information on this subject. They are referred to by the library press-mark. Turning to the study of Harmar's, St. Clair's, and Wayne's routes into the Northwest, the author found a singular lack of detailed description of these campaigns, and determined to combine with the study of the military roadway a comparatively complete sketch of each campaign, making use, in this case as in that of Clark's campaigns, of the Draper Manuscripts.