Military schools and courses of instruction in the science and art of war,: in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Sardinia, England, and the United States. Drawn from recent official reports and documents. Revised Edition
History
Military schools and courses of instruction in the science and art of war,: in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Sardinia, England, and the United States. Drawn from recent official reports and documents. Revised Edition
Military education
Distinctive characters of light completely or partially polarized.
LESSONS 32-34. _Theory of Undulations._
Hypothesis of luminous undulations.
Vibratory state of a simple ray of homogeneous light. Vibratory state at
the intersection of two simple rays of homogeneous light intersecting at
a very small angle.
Experimental proofs in support of this hypothesis:
1st. Experiment with interferences, fringes. Their breadth is different
for different colors; they give the various colors of the prism in white
light. The alternately bright and dark sheets are hyperboloids of
revolution. The measure of the fringes give the means of estimating the
lengths of the undulations corresponding to different colors.
2nd. Colored rings of Newton, observed by reflection, by refraction. Law
of the diameters; these vary in absolute length for different colors.
Variously colored rings with white light. Reflected rings with a white
spot at the center.
The theory of the undulations does not apply merely to theses phenomena.
Explication of the laws of reflection and refraction. Definition of
polarization in the system of waves. Elementary application of double
refraction and the polarization which accompanies it in uniaxial
crystals when the face of the crystal is parallel to the axis, and the
plane of incidence normal or parallel to this axis.
_Chemical and Calorific Radiations._
Chemical and calorific radiations are subject, like luminous radiations,
to the laws of reflection, refraction, dispersion, double refraction,
polarization, interferences.
LESSONS 35-36. _Revision._
Considerations on the totality of the subjects of the course.
MANIPULATIONS IN PHYSICS.
The practical exercises which constitute the subject of this programme
will be performed in part by the pupils under the direction of the
professors and _répétiteurs_, in part by the professors and
_répétiteurs_, with the coöperation of the pupils.
_FIRST YEAR._
Use of various instruments, designed for measuring lengths. Experiments
on weight with Atwood’s machine, the inclined plane, Morin’s apparatus,
and the pendulum.
Some experiments on elasticity.
Various verifications of the principles of hydrostatics and
hydrodynamics.
Construction of aerometers.
Construction of a barometer, of a manometer. Various verifications of
the law of Mariotte.
Various experiments with the air-pump.
Determination the density of solids or liquids by different methods.
Construction of a thermometer.
Experiments on the dilatation of liquids and solids by means of the
ordinary thermometer and by means of the statical thermometer.
Experiments upon the dilatation of air by various methods.
Experiments upon the tension of vapors by different methods.
Determination of the density of vapors and gases by various methods.
Leading experiments on calorific radiation.
Experiments on cooling.
Determination of specific heats, heats of fusion, heats at which bodies
pass into vapor.
Cooling mixtures.
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