Milton, John, 1608-1674; Poets, English -- Early modern, 1500-1700 -- Biography
Yet in the main Dryden is right, for even instances like these are not
many, and the tricky neatness of Ovid is nowhere to be found in the
English epic poet.
Milton seldom allows his verse to play in eddies; he taxes every line to
its fullest capacity, and wrings the last drop of value from each word. A
signal characteristic of his diction has its origin in this hard dealing.
He is often not satisfied with one meaning from a word, but will make it
do double duty. Here the Latin element in our language gave him his
opportunity. Words borrowed from the Latin always change their usage and
value in English air. To the ordinary intelligence they convey one
meaning; to a scholar's memory they suggest also another. It became the
habit of Milton to make use of both values, to assess his words in both
capacities. Any page of his work furnishes examples of his delicate care
for the original meaning of Latin words, such as _intend_--"intend at
home ... what best may ease the present misery"; _arrive_--"ere he arrive
the happy Isle"; _obnoxious_--"obnoxious more to all the miseries of
life"; _punctual_--"this opacous Earth, this punctual spot";
_sagacious_--"sagacious of his quarry from so far"; _explode_--"the
applause they meant turned to exploding hiss"; _retort_--"with retorted
scorn his back he turned"; _infest_--"find some occasion to infest our
foes." The Speaker of the House of Commons had to determine, some years
ago, whether it is in order to allude to the Members as "infesting" the
House. Had Milton been called upon for such a decision he would doubtless
have ruled that the word is applicable only to Members whose deliberate
intention is to maim or destroy the constitution of Parliament.
But he was not content to revive the exact classical meaning in place of
the vague or weak English acceptation; he often kept both senses, and
loaded the word with two meanings at once. When Samson speaks of Dalila
as
That specious monster, my accomplished snare--
something of this double sense resides in both epithets. In two words we
are told that Dalila was both beautiful and deceitful, that she was
skilled in the blandishments of art, and successful in the work of her
husband's undoing. With a like double reference Samson calls the secret
of his strength "my capital secret." Where light, again, is called the
"prime work of God," or where we are told that Hell saw "Heaven ruining
from Heaven," the original and derivative senses of the words "prime" and
"ruin" are united in the conception. These words, and many others
similarly employed, are of Latin origin; but Milton carried his practice
over into the Saxon part of our vocabulary. The word "uncouth" is used in
a double-barrelled sense in the Second Book of _Paradise Lost_--
Who shall tempt with wandering feet
The dark, unbottomed, infinite Abyss,
And through the palpable obscure find out
His uncouth way?
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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