As everywhere in the tropics the Papilios of S. America supply a goodly proportion of the mimicry cases. A few, such as _P. zagreus_ (Pl. X, fig. 8), enter into the black-brown and yellow Ithomiine-Heliconine combination; _P. euterpinus_ resembles _Heliconius melpomene_ (Pl. XI, fig. 5); _P. pausanias_ is like _Heliconius sulphurea_ (Pl. XI, figs. 1 and 2). But this practically exhausts the list of Papilios which mimic Heliconines and Ithomiines. The great majority of mimicking Swallow-tails in S. America find their models among the Poison-eaters of their own family, offering in this respect a contrast to those of Asia where the majority of models are among the Danaines and Euploeines, and of Africa where they are exclusively Acraeines or Danaines. The Poison-eaters of S. America fall into two well-marked groups which we may call the red-spotted and the dark green groups respectively. The red spotted group form a remarkably compact and uniform assemblage. The general ground colour is a deep black-brown (Pl. XI, figs. 8 and 9), the hind wings are almost invariably marked with red near the centre or towards the outer margin, and the fore wing may {44} or may not bear a patch which is generally whitish in the female, though often of a brilliant blue or green in the male. This simple colour scheme with variations runs throughout about three-quarters (some 40 species) of the Poison-eaters. The same general colour scheme is also found in about two dozen species of the unprotected Swallow-tails. As the total number of the unprotected species is placed by Seitz at less than 100 this means that fully one-quarter of them fall into the general colour scheme adopted by the majority of the Poison-eaters. In many cases the resemblance between mimic and model is so close as to have deceived the most expert entomologists before the structural differences between the groups had been appreciated (cf. Appendix II). The matter is further complicated by the fact that polymorphism is not uncommon, especially among the females of the mimetic forms. _Papilio lysithous_ for instance has no less than six distinct forms of female, which differ chiefly in the extent and arrangement of the white markings on the wings, one form lacking them entirely. Several of these forms may occur together in a given locality, and may resemble as many distinct species of Poison-eaters. Thus the three forms _lysithous_, with white on both wings, _rurik_, with white on the fore wing only, and _pomponius_ without any white, all fly together in Rio Grande do Sul and respectively mimic the three distinct Pharmacophagus species _nephalion_, _chamissonia_, and _perrhebus_ (Pl. XIII). It is worthy of note that mimics are provided by both unprotected {45} groups of Swallow-tails in S. America, whereas in Asia the Cosmodesmus division never provides mimics for Pharmacophagus models (cf. Appendix II).