Produced by deaurider, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) MODERN COPPER SMELTING. _The Colour of the Converter Flame during the Bessemerising of Copper Matte._ [Illustration: FIG. 1. Flame at commencement of blow.] [Illustration: FIG. 2. Flame during the first or “slagging” stage.] [Illustration: FIG. 3. “White Metal stage.” Slagging of Copper.] [Illustration: FIG. 4. Flame during second or “blowing to blister” stage.] MODERN COPPER SMELTING. BEING _LECTURES DELIVERED AT BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY GREATLY EXTENDED AND ADAPTED, AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON THE HISTORY, USES AND PROPERTIES OF COPPER._ BY DONALD M. LEVY, M.Sc., Assoc. R.S.M., ASSISTANT LECTURER IN METALLURGY, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. With frontispiece, and 76 illustrations. [Illustration] LONDON: CHARLES GRIFFIN & COMPANY, LIMITED; EXETER STREET, STRAND. 1912. [_All Rights Reserved._] PREFACE. The lectures on “Modern Copper Smelting” embodied in this volume were delivered at the University of Birmingham to the Senior Students in the School of Metallurgy and to others interested in the subject. They are based largely upon the results of a study of the practice as conducted at a number of the best organised smelters and refineries in the United States of America, at which the author has had the opportunity of spending some considerable time, and it has been felt that there exists a scope, particularly on this side of the Atlantic, for a compact volume dealing broadly with the principles underlying Modern Copper Smelting, illustrated with such examples of working practice from personal observation. The subject-matter of the Lectures has been extended by the addition of an Introduction on the History, Uses, and General Metallurgy of Copper as applied to Modern Practice.