_Bottom Plate._—The bottom plate of the furnace usually carries part of the weight of the lower tier of water-jackets as well as the furnace burden, and is supported, some distance above the ground, on screw-jacks leaving an air-space below the furnace, which allows of convenient access for repairs or adjustment. The height of the construction is thus raised to a convenient distance for adjustment to the discharge to the settlers. The bottom plate should consist of sectionised water-cooled cast-iron plates bolted together, with a thin layer of brickwork placed above, to protect them from the corrosive influences to which they are subject. There is a slight slope towards the slag-notch. The actual working bed of the furnace is however, a chilled crust of material which sets on this bottom owing to radiation below, and which, when suitable precautions have been taken, usually adjusts itself naturally whilst the furnace is in operation, by what may be termed automatic radiation. Thus, apart from the water-cooling devices, if the working bottom wears down towards the metal plates, the loss of heat by radiation through the thin layer of material causes a chilling effect which leads to a thickening of the crust. Should the crust thicken unduly and so threaten to interfere with the discharge, the radiation is decreased owing to the thickness; and the high temperature which prevails upon this layer causes a partial melting so that it gradually becomes thinner again—thus regulating itself for the most part automatically. [Illustration: Fig. 39.—Tapping Breast of Blast Furnace, Cananea (see p. 139).] [Illustration: Fig. 40.—Riveted Steel Water-Jacket, showing Tuyere Holes and Water Inlets, etc. (P. & M. M. Co.).] [Illustration: Fig. 41.—Transverse Section through Modern Blast Furnace, showing Arrangements of Boshed Lower Jackets, Upper Jackets and Plates, Stays and Supports, etc.] [Illustration: Fig. 42.—Interior of Anaconda Blast Furnace, showing Jacketing, Tuyere Holes, and Bridge.]