=Development of the Process for Bessemerising Copper Mattes.=—The success of Bessemer’s process, which was applied in 1856 to the production of steel by blowing air through molten cast-iron, led to a suggestion for its application to copper mattes and to some experiments on the subject by Semenikow, a Russian engineer, ten years later. It was not until 1878 that any further work was conducted on a practical scale. In that year John Holway suggested and worked out the scheme already referred to, the principles of which as outlined by him, form the foundation of the pyritic and converter practice of the present time. Air was blown through heated Rio Tinto pyrites in an ordinary Bessemer steel converter and the experiments met with considerable success. The apparatus was, however, not deemed convenient, as the process worked very intermittently and large quantities of slag were produced which required to be poured off at intervals, whilst the position of the tuyeres in this form of converter was found to be unsatisfactory. There are many practical difficulties in employing the same kind of apparatus for the converting of copper mattes as for the bessemerising of cast-iron into steel. In the first instance, the final steel product differs but little in weight or bulk from the original charge, whilst the process produces but little slag, owing to the comparatively small proportions of silicon and manganese which require to be oxidised—whereas in copper converting, the quantity of slag produced is almost equal in weight to the amount of matte originally charged, whilst the resulting copper product amounts to less than one-half of this weight. Further, in bessemerising cast-iron, the blow is of very short duration; in copper matte converting, it occupies more than two hours, and the relative heat losses are, in consequence, markedly different. Finally, the lining of the steel converter chiefly serves to protect the shell; its function in the copper converter was to act also as flux for the iron oxides produced on blowing. In Holway’s final form of apparatus for the pyritic smelting of copper ore to metal, the introduction of siliceous material as a flux for the iron oxide and the use of basic lining were arranged for, with the object of overcoming the difficulties caused by the corrosion of the siliceous lining which acted as flux.