Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Name: Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.
Author: Levy, Donald M.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

The progress of the blowing from copper matte to white metal and thence
to blister copper is usually indicated and controlled at the smelter by
the appearance of the flame which issues from the nose of the converter
during the first periods, and by the character of emitted shots during
the later stages. This is particularly the case with mattes of moderate
purity worked in the silica-lined converter. The successive changes
in these indications are gradual, but are easily followed by the
experienced skimmer, who is thus able to judge readily as to the manner
in which the blow is progressing, and also as to the temperature,
composition, and nature of the metal in the converter.

TABLE XII.—CHANGES IN COMPOSITION DURING BESSEMERISING.

   ───────────────────────────────────┬────────┬─────────────────
                                      │  Time. │  Composition.
                                      ├───┬────┼─────┬────┬──────
                                      │Hrs│Mins│ Cu. │ Au.│  Ag.
   ───────────────────────────────────┼───┼────┼─────┼────┼──────
                                      │   │    │  %  │ Oz.│  Oz.
   11.52 am Charged No. 1 blast matte,│.. │ .. │46·08│0·15│ 31·50
   11.54 am Blow commenced.           │   │    │     │    │
   12.04 pm Sample No. 1 blowing,     │.. │ 10 │46·02│0·17│ 31·80
   12.14 pm Sample No. 2 blowing,     │.. │ 20 │51·46│0·18│ 35·80
   12.18 pm Punched 3 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.24 pm Sample No. 3 blowing,     │.. │ 30 │53·27│0·20│ 37·80
   12.25 pm Punched 7 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.34 pm Sample No. 4 blowing,     │.. │ 40 │56·29│0·21│ 40·80
   12.40 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.44 pm Sample No. 5 blowing,     │.. │ 50 │59·90│0·22│ 43·70
   12.45 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.54 pm Sample No. 6 blowing,     │ 1 │ 00 │62·67│0·23│ 44·90
   12.55 pm Punched 6 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.04 pm Sample No. 7 blowing,     │ 1 │ 10 │67·89│0·25│ 49·20
    1.07 pm Punched 3 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.12 pm Blow stopped.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.13 pm Skimmed.                  │   │    │     │    │
    1.14 pm Blow resumed.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.14 pm Sample No. 8 blowing,     │ 1 │ 20 │73·97│0·27│ 54·90
    1.17 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.21 pm Blow stopped.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.22 pm Skimmed.                  │   │    │     │    │
    1.25 pm Blow resumed.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.25 pm Sample No. 9 blowing,     │ 1 │ 30 │77·82│0·28│ 57·30
    1.34 pm Sample No. 10 blowing,    │ 1 │ 40 │74·16│0·26│ 54·30
    1.44 pm Sample No. 11 blowing,    │ 1 │ 50 │81·72│0·15│ 57·60
    1.54 pm Sample No. 12 blowing,    │ 2 │ 00 │98·50│0·78│107·70
    2.02 pm Punched 1 minute.         │   │    │     │    │
    2.04 pm Sample No. 13 blowing,    │ 2 │ 10 │98.57│0·40│ 81.60
    2.05 pm Punched 2 minutes.

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

The progress of the blowing from copper matte to white metal and thence
to blister copper is usually indicated and controlled at the smelter by
the appearance of the flame which issues from the nose of the converter
during the first periods, and by the character of emitted shots during
the later stages. This is particularly the case with mattes of moderate
purity worked in the silica-lined converter. The successive changes
in these indications are gradual, but are easily followed by the
experienced skimmer, who is thus able to judge readily as to the manner
in which the blow is progressing, and also as to the temperature,
composition, and nature of the metal in the converter.

TABLE XII.—CHANGES IN COMPOSITION DURING BESSEMERISING.

   ───────────────────────────────────┬────────┬─────────────────
                                      │  Time. │  Composition.
                                      ├───┬────┼─────┬────┬──────
                                      │Hrs│Mins│ Cu. │ Au.│  Ag.
   ───────────────────────────────────┼───┼────┼─────┼────┼──────
                                      │   │    │  %  │ Oz.│  Oz.
   11.52 am Charged No. 1 blast matte,│.. │ .. │46·08│0·15│ 31·50
   11.54 am Blow commenced.           │   │    │     │    │
   12.04 pm Sample No. 1 blowing,     │.. │ 10 │46·02│0·17│ 31·80
   12.14 pm Sample No. 2 blowing,     │.. │ 20 │51·46│0·18│ 35·80
   12.18 pm Punched 3 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.24 pm Sample No. 3 blowing,     │.. │ 30 │53·27│0·20│ 37·80
   12.25 pm Punched 7 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.34 pm Sample No. 4 blowing,     │.. │ 40 │56·29│0·21│ 40·80
   12.40 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.44 pm Sample No. 5 blowing,     │.. │ 50 │59·90│0·22│ 43·70
   12.45 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
   12.54 pm Sample No. 6 blowing,     │ 1 │ 00 │62·67│0·23│ 44·90
   12.55 pm Punched 6 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.04 pm Sample No. 7 blowing,     │ 1 │ 10 │67·89│0·25│ 49·20
    1.07 pm Punched 3 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.12 pm Blow stopped.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.13 pm Skimmed.                  │   │    │     │    │
    1.14 pm Blow resumed.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.14 pm Sample No. 8 blowing,     │ 1 │ 20 │73·97│0·27│ 54·90
    1.17 pm Punched 2 minutes.        │   │    │     │    │
    1.21 pm Blow stopped.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.22 pm Skimmed.                  │   │    │     │    │
    1.25 pm Blow resumed.             │   │    │     │    │
    1.25 pm Sample No. 9 blowing,     │ 1 │ 30 │77·82│0·28│ 57·30
    1.34 pm Sample No. 10 blowing,    │ 1 │ 40 │74·16│0·26│ 54·30
    1.44 pm Sample No. 11 blowing,    │ 1 │ 50 │81·72│0·15│ 57·60
    1.54 pm Sample No. 12 blowing,    │ 2 │ 00 │98·50│0·78│107·70
    2.02 pm Punched 1 minute.         │   │    │     │    │
    2.04 pm Sample No. 13 blowing,    │ 2 │ 10 │98.57│0·40│ 81.60
    2.05 pm Punched 2 minutes.

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

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