_Special Features of Basic-lined Converter Work._—The basic-lined converter tends to lose heat by radiation and conduction more quickly than does the silica-lined vessel, due to the walls being thinner and the lining material a better conductor. Owing, however, to the use of larger charges, to the increased fuel value of the low-grade mattes, and to the larger blast-volume used, heat is retained sufficiently well for the successful operation of the bessemerising process. The temperature is, however, generally lower than that obtained when using the siliceous lining, and constant punching of the tuyeres is necessary—two men being required per shift for this work. The great advantages of the basic lining are connected chiefly with the fact that the frequent relining associated with the silica-lined converter is avoided, hence an extensive relining plant is not required, smaller building space and a lighter crane can be used. The use of basic linings further affords a means of extracting the copper and other values from siliceous ores which can be used as flux, but which might otherwise be difficult to treat, and it has made possible the cheaper treatment of low-grade mattes. The disadvantages are chiefly those caused by (_a_) The use of a material which is not perfectly suited for constructional work, hence repairs occupy longer time. (_b_) The risks of destroying the lining mechanically near the tuyeres, owing to the extra punching required at these points. (_c_) The operation and manipulations requiring extreme care and attention, owing to the tendency for the production of very high temperature during the great evolution of heat in the early stages of the blow, when large quantities of iron are being oxidised. (_d_) The tendency to losses, by the blowing out of the dry siliceous ore, when first turning on the blast. =Converter Shop Organisation.=—The introduction of the basic lining has, to a large extent, overcome the necessity for devoting so much shop space to the repair department, which formerly occupied a very considerable area. The converter stands are usually placed in alignment down one side of the building, the centre space is kept clear, and is commanded by the travelling crane for the conveyance of the ladles of matte, metal, or slag, to or from the converters. At Anaconda, the converters are charged from a train of matte-ladles mounted on bogies which run along a track behind the converters and situated some distance above them, the matte being poured down a launder which swings into position over the converter throat.