Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Name: Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.
Author: Levy, Donald M.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

B. iv.—_Utilising the Heat of Melted Charges for the Heating of Fresh
Additions._—All the above difficulties, and many others, have been
overcome by maintaining a deep pool of hot molten matte in the furnace,
and by feeding hot charges upon this matte layer. These are two of the
most vital and successful changes introduced into modern reverberatory
practice, and will be reviewed in detail subsequently.

B. v.—_Utilising the Heat of the Escaping Gases as much as
possible._—Improvements in this direction have been brought about—

    (_a_) By constructing the furnace of as great a length as
         will allow of maintaining the charge in a sufficiently fluid
         state to permit of its being tapped from the furthermost end
         of the furnace.
    (_b_) By using the still hot escaping gases under boilers.


=Modern Reverberatory Practice.=—The requirements for the successful
operation of the reverberatory furnace, and the methods for ensuring
its efficient working which have just been reviewed, involve the
application of the following principles, which are the essential
factors in modern reverberatory smelting practice:—

    1. The grade of the furnace products is controlled at the roasters.
    2. The melting must be as rapid as possible.
    3. The employment of very large furnaces.
    4. The use of a heated matte-pool in the furnace.
    5. The charging of hot calcines.
    6. The regulation of the furnace working by draft pressures.
    7. The continuous working of the furnace.
    8. Modified constructional details.

1. _Control of Furnace Products at the Roasters._—This feature
has already been indicated in dealing with roasting practice. The
importance of this system in the economy and efficiency of the furnace
working is very marked.

(_a_) The roasting plant affords the most ready means of control over
the desired sulphur elimination, this being its sole function. The
modern roaster is so designed as to allow of almost perfect regulation
in this respect, since amount of feed and rate of passage of the
sulphides through the furnace are under perfect control.

(_b_) The work of the reverberatory is thus confined to one object
only, that of rapid melting down, to which the foreman can give his
sole attention free from the necessity of manipulating the grade of the
matte at the same time.

In modern work it is usual to pass the whole of the charge
(concentrates as well as flux) intended for the reverberatories,
through the roasting plant. The advantages of such procedure are—

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

B. iv.—_Utilising the Heat of Melted Charges for the Heating of Fresh
Additions._—All the above difficulties, and many others, have been
overcome by maintaining a deep pool of hot molten matte in the furnace,
and by feeding hot charges upon this matte layer. These are two of the
most vital and successful changes introduced into modern reverberatory
practice, and will be reviewed in detail subsequently.

B. v.—_Utilising the Heat of the Escaping Gases as much as
possible._—Improvements in this direction have been brought about—

    (_a_) By constructing the furnace of as great a length as
         will allow of maintaining the charge in a sufficiently fluid
         state to permit of its being tapped from the furthermost end
         of the furnace.
    (_b_) By using the still hot escaping gases under boilers.


=Modern Reverberatory Practice.=—The requirements for the successful
operation of the reverberatory furnace, and the methods for ensuring
its efficient working which have just been reviewed, involve the
application of the following principles, which are the essential
factors in modern reverberatory smelting practice:—

    1. The grade of the furnace products is controlled at the roasters.
    2. The melting must be as rapid as possible.
    3. The employment of very large furnaces.
    4. The use of a heated matte-pool in the furnace.
    5. The charging of hot calcines.
    6. The regulation of the furnace working by draft pressures.
    7. The continuous working of the furnace.
    8. Modified constructional details.

1. _Control of Furnace Products at the Roasters._—This feature
has already been indicated in dealing with roasting practice. The
importance of this system in the economy and efficiency of the furnace
working is very marked.

(_a_) The roasting plant affords the most ready means of control over
the desired sulphur elimination, this being its sole function. The
modern roaster is so designed as to allow of almost perfect regulation
in this respect, since amount of feed and rate of passage of the
sulphides through the furnace are under perfect control.

(_b_) The work of the reverberatory is thus confined to one object
only, that of rapid melting down, to which the foreman can give his
sole attention free from the necessity of manipulating the grade of the
matte at the same time.

In modern work it is usual to pass the whole of the charge
(concentrates as well as flux) intended for the reverberatories,
through the roasting plant. The advantages of such procedure are—

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

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