Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Name: Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.
Author: Levy, Donald M.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

───────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────
                          │   Lime.    │  Sulphur.   │    Copper.
   ───────────────────────┼──────┬─────┼──────┬──────┼───────┬─────────
                          │ Per  │Tons.│ Per  │ Tons.│  Per  │  Lbs.
                          │ cent.│     │ cent.│      │  cent.│
   Calcines and lime rock,│ 2·30 │1,150│ 8·40 │ 4,205│ 8·266 │8,274,799
   M‘Dougal flue-dust,    │ 1·30 │   13│14·00 │   137│ 7·884 │  152,295
   Blast flue-dust,       │ 4·30 │   70│ 6·70 │   110│ 5·698 │  186,782
   Converter flue-dust,   │  ..  │  .. │12·10 │    16│68·743 │  181,482
   Main flue-dust,        │ 2·10 │   22│ 8·80 │    90│ 7·128 │  147,405
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Total,               │  ..  │1,256│  ..  │ 4,558│ 8·305 │8,942,763
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
   Matte to converter,    │  ..  │  .. │26·40 │ 2,891│38·209 │8,367,872
   Matte chips to B.F.,   │ 0·20 │  .. │21·80 │    16│32·811 │   48,560
   Slag chips to B.F.,    │ 2·30 │   14│ 2·20 │    13│35·597 │   43,357
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Deduct from above    │      │     │      │      │       │
          total,          │  ..  │   14│  ..  │ 2,920│  ..   │8,459,789
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Leaves for slag,     │  ..  │1,242│  ..  │   .. │  ..   │    ..
   ───────────────────────┴──────┴─────┴──────┴──────┴───────┴─────────

                                                       Analysis.
                                                 ┌─────────┴──────────┐
    _Slag Calculation_─                          │Calculated.  Actual.│
        SiO_{2} in slag,   14,569 ÷ 38,538            37·8       37·1
        FeO       "        16,214 ÷ 38,538            42·1       43·2
        CaO       "         1,242 ÷ 38,538             3·2        2·8
                           ──────   ──────           ──────     ─────
                           32,025 at 83·17 = 38,538   83·10     83·10
                           ═══════════════           ══════     ═════


=Fuels for Reverberatory Furnace Work.=—The chief requirements of the
fuel for good reverberatory work will now be apparent, particularly
with regard to length of flame. This depends to a large extent upon the
proportion of volatile hydrocarbons, but also on the conditions under
which they are given off. For instance, a coal which rapidly parts with
its hydrocarbons and leaves in the grate a dense layer of slow-burning
coke would be unsuitable for reverberatory work, though some caking is
necessary in order that the fuel should not burn away too rapidly, as
it should yield a good bed of the required depth.

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Opening the text

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.

Science

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Levy, Donald M.

Copper -- Metallurgy

───────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────
                          │   Lime.    │  Sulphur.   │    Copper.
   ───────────────────────┼──────┬─────┼──────┬──────┼───────┬─────────
                          │ Per  │Tons.│ Per  │ Tons.│  Per  │  Lbs.
                          │ cent.│     │ cent.│      │  cent.│
   Calcines and lime rock,│ 2·30 │1,150│ 8·40 │ 4,205│ 8·266 │8,274,799
   M‘Dougal flue-dust,    │ 1·30 │   13│14·00 │   137│ 7·884 │  152,295
   Blast flue-dust,       │ 4·30 │   70│ 6·70 │   110│ 5·698 │  186,782
   Converter flue-dust,   │  ..  │  .. │12·10 │    16│68·743 │  181,482
   Main flue-dust,        │ 2·10 │   22│ 8·80 │    90│ 7·128 │  147,405
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Total,               │  ..  │1,256│  ..  │ 4,558│ 8·305 │8,942,763
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
   Matte to converter,    │  ..  │  .. │26·40 │ 2,891│38·209 │8,367,872
   Matte chips to B.F.,   │ 0·20 │  .. │21·80 │    16│32·811 │   48,560
   Slag chips to B.F.,    │ 2·30 │   14│ 2·20 │    13│35·597 │   43,357
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Deduct from above    │      │     │      │      │       │
          total,          │  ..  │   14│  ..  │ 2,920│  ..   │8,459,789
   ───────────────────────┼──────┼─────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼─────────
     Leaves for slag,     │  ..  │1,242│  ..  │   .. │  ..   │    ..
   ───────────────────────┴──────┴─────┴──────┴──────┴───────┴─────────

                                                       Analysis.
                                                 ┌─────────┴──────────┐
    _Slag Calculation_─                          │Calculated.  Actual.│
        SiO_{2} in slag,   14,569 ÷ 38,538            37·8       37·1
        FeO       "        16,214 ÷ 38,538            42·1       43·2
        CaO       "         1,242 ÷ 38,538             3·2        2·8
                           ──────   ──────           ──────     ─────
                           32,025 at 83·17 = 38,538   83·10     83·10
                           ═══════════════           ══════     ═════


=Fuels for Reverberatory Furnace Work.=—The chief requirements of the
fuel for good reverberatory work will now be apparent, particularly
with regard to length of flame. This depends to a large extent upon the
proportion of volatile hydrocarbons, but also on the conditions under
which they are given off. For instance, a coal which rapidly parts with
its hydrocarbons and leaves in the grate a dense layer of slow-burning
coke would be unsuitable for reverberatory work, though some caking is
necessary in order that the fuel should not burn away too rapidly, as
it should yield a good bed of the required depth.

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

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