The form of argumentation by which Comenius endeavors to establish his
methodology is quite mediæval and often ludicrous. It rests largely
on the exaggerated, sometimes misapplied analogies from Nature and
mechanics, and evidences from the Bible. But it also contains many
pedagogical truths embodied in the schoolrooms of our day. To epitomize
the general principles of his methodology, the process of teaching
should begin with the most plastic mind of early childhood in slow
progressive order, proceeding always from the general to the specific,
from what is easy to what is more difficult, following the natural
interests of the child, paying a due consideration to his age, mental
capacity, and development; everything being taught first through the
medium of the senses, a special emphasis being laid upon logical
sequence and ideational correlation between the different subjects and
different parts of the same subject; only those subjects that are of
real use should be taken in hand, everything of little importance being
invariably discarded, and the purpose and use of everything taught
should be constantly kept in view. He advocates that everything should
be taught according to one and the same method; there should be only
one teacher in each school, or at any rate in each class; that only one
author should be used for each subject studied, and the same exercise
should be given the whole class.
The method of teaching arts, sciences, languages, morals, and
instilling piety is each and severally discussed. But a large part
of Comenius’s time and energy was devoted to the reform of language
teaching and to the writing of text-books for it. And by this work
alone he was known in Europe during nearly two hundred years of
practical oblivion after his death.
With his methodization of the process of instruction necessarily went
the systematizing of school organization. The entire educational system
is graded by him as follows: I. The home as a preparatory school for
infancy. II. The vernacular school for childhood. III. The Latin school
or gymnasium for boyhood. IV. The university and travel for youth.
He considers the first twenty-four years of human life as the period
of growth and plasticity, and recognizes in it four distinct stages,
each of which contains six years. In his idea of a mother-school he
anticipates Froebel’s kindergarten, and in his sketch of the vernacular
and Latin school we see the archetype of the modern graded school.
As a summary of his whole pedagogy nothing better can be offered than
the title page of his work, which so well reflects the characteristics
of his book and that of the age:
The Great Didactic
Setting forth
The Whole Art of Teaching
All Things to all Men
or
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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