America, North, climate of, 101-102; fauna of, 23, 152; flora of, 135-142; glaciation of, 52, 53, 77; mammals of, 166; position of, 17; primitive means of communication in, 239-241; trees of, 78, 79; vegetation of, 122 America, South, fauna of, 23 Anchovies, 149 Andes, 48 Anemone, 124 Annuals, 124, 126, 128, 134 Anopheles, 162 Antarctic, exploration of, 14 Anticyclones, 107-110 (fig. 12) Anti-trade winds, 88, 89, 90 Apes, 155 Appleby, 232 Apples, 176, 184 Apricots, 176 Aquatic animals, 144 _et seq._ Arabs, 178, 180 Aragon, 200 Arbroath, 235 Arbutus, 130, 192 Arctic, exploration of, 14 Arctogæic realm, 152 Ardennes, 33 Area of low pressure in N. Atlantic, 88, 105 Argentine, 243 Arizona, climate of, 91 Aryans, 213, 214 Ash, 139 Asia, climate of, 93, 100; exploration of, 14; fauna of, 23, 152; position of, 22; trees of, 78, 79 Asia Minor, rainfall of, 86 Aspen, 138 Asphodel, 124 Ass, 166, 177, 244 Athens, rainfall of, 95 Atlantic, 88, 89, 105 Atlas Mountains, 32, 91, 120, 153 Atmosphere, 20 Australia, cattle and sheep of, 243; climate of, 85; fauna of, 23, 152; minerals of, 220 Austria, people of, 209 Badger, 159 Balkan States, buffalo in, 178; climate of, 101; people of, 209 Baltic, 105, 106 Banks of Newfoundland, 148 Barbary, 155 Barley, 171, 172 Barrows in Scotland, 203, 206, 207 Base level of erosion, 39 Basque, 198, 199 Baths of Leuk, 72 Bats, 155 Bear, 159 Beavers, 158 Beech, 129 Beech woods, 131 Bees, 181 Belfast, 235 Belgium, people of, 209 Berbers, 204 Berne, 72 Birch, 132, 136 Birds of Europe, 160 Biskra, rainfall of, 95 Bison, 166, 240 Black rat, 154 Black walnut, 79 Bog myrtle, 133 Boulder clay, 52 Brachycephalic race, 202, 208 Brehm, quoted, 163, 189 Bridge towns, 247 British Columbia, climate of, 101; flora of, 137 British Isles, birds of, 160; climate of, 99, 100; fauna of, 153; insects of, 164; position of, 27; weather of, 107, 108 Brittany, minerals of, 225; people of, 192-97, 209; strawberries of, 184; structure of, 33 Broad-headed race, 209-217 Bronze, 206, 207, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 233 Bronze Age, 221 Broom, 130 Brown rat, 154 Buckwheat, 183, 184 Buffalo, 178 Cactuses, 10, 138 California, climate of, 85, 91, 101; forests of, 137, 142; minerals of, 220, 223 Camels, 177, 188, 194, 244 Canada, forests of, 136, 139; structure of, 35; survey work in, 14 Canadian Far West, 116 Canadian Shield, 35 Cape Colony, climate of, 85 Carboniferous rocks, 34 Carcassonne, 246 Carlisle, 49, 232 Carnivores, 155 Carp, 150 Cascade Range, 138 Casiquiare river, 45 Castile, 200 Castilian language, 198, 199, 200 Cat, 155, 177