Portugal, climate of, 89; rainfall of, 92 Portuguese, 198, 199, 201 Potato, 175, 186 Praying mantis, 164 Prickly pear, 85, 125, 176 Primary epoch, 34, 35, 36 Primates, 155 Prong-buck, 166 Profiles of rivers, 38 (figs. 2, 3), 40 Pulse, 173 Pyrenees, 31, 32, 67, 80, 199, 200 Rabbits, 158 Races of Europe, 197, 249 Raccoons, 153 Railways, 244 Rain forest, 141, 142 Rain-shadow, 138, 185 Rats, 155 Reindeer, 166, 239, 244 Rhine, 73, 74, 158, 193 Rhone valley, in France, 182, 224; in Switzerland, 42, 72, 73, 74, 189, 190, 193 Ripley, quoted, 197, 198, 199, 210 Ritter, 7, 8 River-capture, 42-49 Roads, 241, 242 Robinia, 79 Rocky Mountains, 102, 120, 138 Rodents, 155, 156 Rosemary, 130 Round-headed race, 206, 207 Round skulls, 202, 206 Running-water, its effect, 28, 37 _et seq._ Russia, minerals of, 228; people of, 209 Rye, 172, 186 Sagebrush, 138 Sahara, 23, 86, 120, 240 Saiga antelope, 154 Salmon, 149, 150 Saône valley, 209 Saracens, 200 Sardines, 149 Sardinia, 208 Savoy, 209 Scandinavia, barley in, 172; berries in, 185; minerals of, 228; people of, 204, 209, 210; structure of, 33; weather of, 110 (fig. 12) Scotland, glaciation of, 52, 54, 62, 71; Highlands of, 62, 200; linen industry in, 235; Neolithic man in, 203, 206 Scrub, 119, 128, 135, 137, 169, 191 Sea-cows, 155 Seals, 145 Sea-urchins, 146 Secondary period, 34, 35, 36 Seine, 224 Sequoia, 136 Sergi, quoted, 202, 204, 207 Sesame, 173 Shari river, 45 Sheep, 155, 178, 179, 188, 243 Shell-fish, 146 Shrews, 155, 159 Sicily, 203, 208 Sierra Nevada, 138 Silkworms, 174, 181 Silver fir, 132 Simplon Pass, 70, 71 Sion, 193 Skunks, 153 Slave trade, 236 Sledges, 239 Sleeping sickness, 161, 163 Snowdrop, 123 Snow-shoes, 239 Sophora, 79 South America, rodents, of, 156 South Pole, 21 Spain, cattle in, 177; languages of, 199; minerals of, 230; people of, 199, 208; rainfall of, 86; structure of, 33, 224; transhumance in, 179 Spey, 44 Sponges, 146 Spruce, 132, 136 Squirrels, 155, 158 Steam, 244 Step arrangement In Alpine valleys, 67-69 (fig. 9) Steppes, climate of, 157; fauna of, 154, 157; of Asia, 135, 169, 170; of Europe, 135; of Hungary, 133; of Russia, 133; peoples of, 192 St. Gothard Pass, 70 St. Lawrence, 35 Stoat, 159 Stone Age, 201, 221, 222 Stone pine, 129 Strawberries, 184 Sturgeon, 150 Sugar beet, 174, 186 Sugar-cane, 174 Sudan, 116, 120 Switzerland, cattle in, 178; pastoral life in, 189 Syria, 165 Tertiary period, 31 (fig. 1), 32, 34, 36 Teutonic race, 192, 210, 218 Théodule Pass, 71 Thun, lake of, 72 Tibet, 244 Tigris, 170 Tin, 222, 223, 224, 225 Tobacco, 175 Torrents, characters of, 37-39