[556] Supernatural donkeys with the same habits are known also in Crete under the name of ἀνασκελᾶδες (prob. formed from ἀνάσκελα, ‘on one’s back,’ the position in which the rider soon finds himself). [557] Πολίτης, Παραδ. I. p. 342, from Γ. Λουκᾶς, Φιλολ. ἐπισκ. p. 12. [558] Πολίτης, Παραδ. I. 338. [559] Luke iii. 22. [560] Cf. above, p. 67. [561] _De quorundam Graec. opinat._ cap. X. [562] Πολίτης, Παραδόσεις, II. p. 1286. [563] Ἐμαν. Μανωλακάκης, Καρπαθιακά, p. 130. [564] Πολίτης, Παραδόσεις I. p. 344. [565] The word ζωτικά which is sometimes heard in the Cyclades is, I suspect, merely a corrupt form of ξωτικά (on which see above, p. 67); some writers however have derived it from the root of ζάω. But at any rate in usage it denotes the same class of beings as the commoner form ξωτικά. [566] _op. cit._ cap. X. Actually the earliest reference to the Callicantzari which I have found occurs in _La description et histoire de l’isle de Scios ou Chios_ by Jerosme Justinian, p. 61, where he says, _Ils tiennent ... qu’il y a de certains esprits qui courent par les grands chemins, et sont nommez Calican, Saros_. But inasmuch as he does not record even the name correctly, his statement that these beings are _esprits_ can have little weight as against that of Leo Allatius. [567] _Das Volksleben_, p. 143. [568] Παραδόσεις, I. pp. 331-81, and II. pp. 1242-4. [569] Πολίτης, Παραδ. II. 1257. [570] _The Cyclades_, pp. 360 and 388. Bent does not seem to have known the ordinary form καλλικάντζαροι. [571] Abbott, _Maced. Folklore_, p. 73. [572] Λαμπρίδης, Ζαγοριακά, p. 209. [573] In this, the ordinary, sense the word appears twice in Passow’s _Popularia Carm._ nos. 142 and 200. See also his index, s.v. καλιουντσήδαις. The Turks themselves borrowed the word _qālioum_ (our ‘galleon’) from the Franks. [574] Πολίτης, Παραδ. II. pp. 1242 and 1244. [575] _Das Volksleben_, p. 144. [576] Schmidt, it should be said, was dubious about the existence of this form. [577] In Bianchi, _Dict. Turc- fr._ II. p. 469, it is translated ‘loup-garou,’ Schmidt, _l.c._ [578] Schmidt, _l.c._ note 2, ‘esclave de la plus mauvaise espèce.’ [579] The previous relations between the Giustiniani, who controlled the Genoese chartered company in Chios, and the Ottoman Empire seem to have been purely commercial. [580] Quoted by Leo Allat. _de quor. Graec. opinat._ cap. ix. and published in full by Σάθας. [581] If this was the origin of Suidas’ information, as seems almost certain in view of its inaccuracy, his date cannot be earlier than that of Psellus (flor. circa 1050). [582] d’Arnis, _Lexicon Med. et Infim. Latin._, explains _babuztus_ (with other forms _babulus_, _baburrus_, and _baburcus_) by the words _stultus_, _insanus_. [583] J. B. Navon, _Rouz Namé_, in the periodical _Fundgruben Orients_, Vienna, 1814, vol. IV. p. 146, quoted by Πολίτης, Παραδόσεις, II. p. 1249, note 1. [584] Ἄτακτα, IV. p. 211. [585] In the periodical Πανδώρα, 1866, XVI. p. 453.