Produced by Eric Eldred, Marc D'Hooghe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team MODERN ITALIAN POETS ESSAYS AND VERSIONS By William Dean Howells CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION ARCADIAN SHEPHERDS GIUSEPPE PARINI VITTORIO ALFIERI VINCENZO MONTI UGO FOSCOLO ALESSANDRO MANZONI SILVIO PELLICO TOMMASO GROSSI LUIGI CARRER GIOVANNI BERCHET GIAMBATTISTA NICCOLINI GIACOMO LEOPARDI GIUSEPPE GIUSTI FRANCESCO DALL' ONGARO GIOVANNI PRATI ALEARDO ALEARDI GIULIO CARCANO ARNALDO FUSINATO LUIGI MERCANTINI CONCLUSION PORTRAITS. VITTORIO ALFIERI VINCENZO MONTI UGO FOSCOLO ALESSANDRO MANZONI TOMMASO GROSSI GIAMBATTISTA NICCOLINI GIACOMO LEOPARDI GIUSEPPE GIUSTI FRANCESCO DALL' ONGARO GIOVANNI PRATI ALEARDO ALEARDI INTRODUCTION This book has grown out of studies begun twenty years ago in Italy, and continued fitfully, as I found the mood and time for them, long after their original circumstance had become a pleasant memory. If any one were to say that it did not fully represent the Italian poetry of the period which it covers chronologically, I should applaud his discernment; and perhaps I should not contend that it did much more than indicate the general character of that poetry. At the same time, I think that it does not ignore any principal name among the Italian poets of the great movement which resulted in the national freedom and unity, and it does form a sketch, however slight and desultory, of the history of Italian poetry during the hundred years ending in 1870. Since that time, literature has found in Italy the scientific and realistic development which has marked it in all other countries. The romantic school came distinctly to a close there with the close of the long period of patriotic aspiration and endeavor; but I do not know the more recent work, except in some of the novels, and I have not attempted to speak of the newer poetry represented by Carducci. The translations here are my own; I have tried to make them faithful; I am sure they are careful. Possibly I should not offer my book to the public at all if I knew of another work in English studying even with my incoherence the Italian poetry of the time mentioned, or giving a due impression of its extraordinary solidarity. It forms part of the great intellectual movement of which the most unmistakable signs were the French revolution, and its numerous brood of revolutions, of the first, second, and third generations, throughout Europe; but this poetry is unique in the history of literature for the unswerving singleness of its tendency.