FREEBOARD AND DISPLACEMENT IN RELATION TO STRAINS IN SHIPS AMONG WAVES, by Mr W. W. Rundell: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol. xxii., 1881. ON THE TRANSVERSE STRAINS OF IRON MERCHANT VESSELS, by Mr P. Jenkins and T. C. Read: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol. xxiii., 1882. ON HOGGING AND SAGGING STRAINS IN A SEAWAY AS INFLUENCED BY WAVE STRUCTURE, by Mr W. E. Smith: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol xxiv., 1883. EDUCATION IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. ON THE COURSE OF STUDY IN THE ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE, GREENWICH, by Mr W. H. White: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol. xviii., 1877. ON THE ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE AND THE MERCANTILE MARINE, by Mr Wm. John: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol. xix., 1878. ON LOCAL EDUCATION IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, by Mr William Denny: Trans. Inst. N.A., vol. xxii., 1881. CHAPTER V. PROGRESS IN METHODS OF SHIPYARD WORK. Since the early days of iron shipbuilding, when hand labour entered largely into almost all the operations of the shipyard, the field of its application has been gradually narrowed by the employment of machinery. The past few years have been uncommonly fruitful of changes in this direction, and many things point to the likelihood of manual work being still more largely superseded by machine power in the immediate future. Such changes, however, have not, as might be assumed, had any very sensible effect in diminishing the number of operatives generally employed. The influence has rather been absorbed in the greatly increased rate of production, and the elaboration and enhanced refinement of detail demanded by the much more exacting standard of modern times. The need for skilled handicraftsmen may not now be so general, but the skill which is still indispensable is of a higher character, and has called into existence several almost entirely new classes of shipyard operatives.