The Rio Grande Southern Railroad was completed in 1891 and led to the rapid development of the forest area. This railroad traverses approximately the same route as State Highway 145 between Dolores and Placerville, and the principal towns of the forest may be reached by rail from Ridgeway or Durango, where connections are made with the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL FORESTS There are 158 national forests within the United States, including two in Alaska and one in Puerto Rico. They contain approximately 175,000,000 acres of public land and are administered by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The Montezuma is one of 14 in Colorado. To grow a timber crop and to protect the forest and vegetative cover as a precautionary measure against erosion on the watersheds, are important and necessary. To this end the national forests were established with the positive injunction that all their resources were to be protected, developed, and used in perpetuity for the benefit of all citizens. Therefore, conservative use of all forest resources, with adequate protection to insure a continual supply, has been the primary consideration in their management. WATERSHED VALUES OF THE MONTEZUMA The forests of the Montezuma have high watershed value and a forest cover is very important, because the dominant soil types are silt and clay loam which erode readily. If these soils are not held in place, much material is carried away by the streams. In the aggregate, this has a considerable effect on the Colorado River and the water it furnishes for irrigation. The headwaters of the principal streams of this region rise on the forested watersheds of the Montezuma. These watersheds are covered with deep snows each winter, and the forest cover retards the melting snow and provides a more uniform distribution of the run-off. Watershed protection is, therefore, an essential and important factor in the administration of the forest. Irrigation water for Thompsons Park, the Montezuma and Paradox Valleys, and the Norwood-Redvale country is provided by streams which rise in the Montezuma Forest. The towns of Rico and Telluride obtain their water supply from the forest. In addition to the use of water for irrigation and domestic purposes, a number of water-power sites have been developed on the forest. A large volume of water flows into the Colorado River, and these waters are impounded by Boulder Dam and used for power and irrigation in the general development of that project. TIMBER IS CHIEF RESOURCE The Montezuma National Forest has a stand of about 2,072,000,000 board feet of timber. About 57 percent of this is Engelmann spruce, 23 percent is ponderosa pine, and 19 percent is a mixture of alpine and cork-bark fir. There are also small quantities of Douglas fir and piñon pine.