Still many of these struggling nobles, with the revenue of a peasant,
but who did sell their seigneuries, became fairly wealthy in time, and
were the nucleus of the Canadian "noblesse" and "gentilhommes" for many
a long day, though it must not be understood that all seigneurs were
also ennobled, as in France.
Some of the lazier sort, who perchance looked to the "get rich quick"
method of peltry trading, rather than the laborious toil of tilling
the earth, were soon the victims of their own circumstances; for a
few years later, in 1679, Duchesneau, the intendant, writing to the
minister in France, says: "Many of our gentilhommes, officers and
other holders of seigneuries, lead what in France is called the life
of a country gentleman and spend most of their time in hunting and
fishing. As their requirements in food and clothing are greater than
those of the simple 'habitants' and as they do not devote themselves to
improving their land, they mix themselves up in trade, run into debt
on all hands, incite their young 'habitants' to range the woods and
send their own children there to trade for furs in the Indian villages
and in the depths of the forest, in spite of the prohibition of His
Majesty. Yet, with all this, they are miserably poor."[98]
"It is pitiable," says another intendant, Champigny, in 1687, "to see
their children, of which they have great numbers, passing all summer
with nothing on them but a shirt, and their wives and daughters working
in the fields."
Later, an intendant wrote to France not to create any more
_gentilhommes_, for it meant making "beggars."
But it must be remembered that later letters of patent of nobility were
not so easily granted as at this early tentative period, when noble,
habitant, and peasant had a hard struggle with the soil to make all
ends meet.
To form an idea of the establishment of a parish, it must be remembered
that each seigneur was required to build a mill and a chapel to be
served by a priest. The mill meant a heavy expense; the machinery
had all to come from France, and the miller's wages had to be paid;
the farmers, bringing grain, small in number. Beyond the three mills
belonging to the seigneurs of the island at this period there was the
one erected at Pointe aux Trembles and that erected by Jean Milot, a
toolmaker, at a cost of 1,000 _écus_, after purchasing on November 9,
1670, La Salle's lands at Lachine, and that was finally taken over by
the seminary also, on November 2, 1673. La Salle had been required to
construct a mill, since his concession was larger than the military
fiefs of 200 arpents granted to the other petty seigneurs. To these
latter, the necessity of erecting their own mills was foregone on the
stipulation that their grain and that of their _censitaires_, should be
ground in the seminary mill.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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