[2] Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710. [3] Cicero (_Ad Att._ XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes: “I have letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over to his views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61. Dio XLVI, 29. [4] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar, without our (the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured forth his patrimony.” [5] Gardthausen, _Aug._ 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks that this beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an admission of the military foundation of the principate. [6] Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a restorer of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony public enemies. [7] Cicero says (_Phil._ V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711, “the senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.” [8] Livy (_Ep._ CXVIII), “he received the consular ornaments.” App. (_B. C._ III, 51) adds that he was given consular rank in speaking. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, I, pp. 442, 443. [9] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius Cæsar the fasces.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 10; Livy, _Ep._ CXVIII. [10] App. _B. C._ III, 51. Vell. II, 61. [11] The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers were given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B. C., entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf. note [32]) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs. _B. C._ I, 5. [12] Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of wounds received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. _Ann._ I, 9; Suet. _Aug._ 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But Macrobius, (_Sat._ I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of that month was changed to August. [13] C. I. L. I, p. 466 and App. _B. C._ IV, 7, fix the formal ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been proposed by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly on Nov. 27, 711. [14] An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his enemies; here, particularly, Brutus and Cassius. [15] The _Lex Pedia_, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’ colleague in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for this class of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and water, _i. e._, outlawry. Livy, _Ep._ CXX; Vell. II, 69; App. III, 95; Suet. _Aug._ 10; Dio XLVI, 49.