[15] In this connection the reader is recommended to consult C. Lloyd-Morgan’s works, in particular _Animal Life and Intelligence_. See also the interesting remarks on “De L’Amour Maternal,” in _Sociétés Animales_, by Alfred Espinas, pp. 172-180. [16] See Espinas, _Des Sociétés Animales_, especially Chapter V, “Société domestique paternelle,” pp. 236 _et seq._ [17] These cases, as well as many others in this and in the next chapter, are taken from Pycraft’s _Infancy of Animals_. I would wish to record my indebtedness to this fascinating book. To prevent continuous reference notes, wherever it is not otherwise stated, the reader will know the cases I quote have been taken from Mr. Pycraft’s book. [18] The reader is referred to a small book by St. George Mivart, _The Common Frog_. [19] I quote from Mr. Pycraft’s account of this incident, _Infancy of Animals_, p. 193. [20] Pycraft gives a short account of their habits, _ibid._, pp. 200-206. [21] _Problems of Sex_, by J. A. Thomson and Prof. Geddes, p. 20. [22] Pycraft, _The Infancy of Animals_, pp. 215-216; G. J. Romanes, _Animal Intelligence_, pp. 243-245, 246-247; J. A. Thomson and Prof. Geddes, _Problems of Sex_, p. 20. [23] _Animal Intelligence_, p. 242. [24] Pycraft. These cases, with those that follow, are again taken from _The Infancy of Animals_, pp. 217-219. [25] _Animal Intelligence_, p. 242. [26] Romanes refers to _Silliman’s American Journal_, February 1872. [27] These cases would seem to contradict the statement made on p. 82 that small families occur when the young are protected by the parents. I cannot explain this exception. But what I have stated about the dependence of the birth rate on the amount of parental care is commonly true. In this connection I would quote Mr. Pycraft (_Infancy of Animals_, p. 214): “A careful survey of the facts shows us that the production of large numbers of eggs and young produces the same result as obtained where but few eggs are laid, and are either carefully guarded by the parents or are specially protected by some other means.” [28] Quoted by St. George Mivart. [29] Pycraft, _ibid._, p. 218. The story of this excellent father and also several of the other cases given are taken from Yarrell, _Brit. Fishes_, 2nd edit., ii. p. 436. [30] J. Lewis Bonhote, _British Birds_, pp. 314-315. See also _The Truth about Woman_, pp. 107, 249, 265. [31] P. Chalmers-Mitchell, _Childhood of Animals_, pp. 70, 109, 157. [32] Several examples are mentioned in _Darwinism_, p. 281. Wallace, however, brings them forward in quite a different connection to prove his theory of the protective duller colours of the female birds. [33] P. 136 _et seq._ [34] See p. 221, which is evidence that, perhaps, may be held to give some corroboration. [35] An interesting account of the family qualities of birds is given by Espinas in _Des Sociétés Animales_, pp. 234-292.