One of the big advantages of the concrete road is the large gain in traction secured when operating on steep grades. A motor truck will haul up a twelve per cent and down a fifteen per cent grade in wet weather on concrete due to the roughened surface on which the tires do not easily slip. This, of course, would be dangerous to attempt on the other types of roads. Another advantage is the small item of upkeep necessary. A road well laid in the first place should need no repair except to replace worn guard rails as they show signs of weakening. The concrete road, however, will not be generally used except on the mainline by the larger concerns, or for short distances on steep grades where greater traction is desired. BRIDGES In most cases the construction of bridges is unnecessary on account of the steep grades the trucks can take and because they can negotiate sharp curves, which make it easier to avoid expensive bridge work. Where they are absolutely necessary a serviceable bridge is made of cribwork. The Esary Logging Company of Camano Island, Washington, operates over a crib bridge 175 feet long and 15 feet high. The sub-structure of this bridge is made of logs laid alternately crosswise in tiers. Six by twelve inch plank are laid diagonally on the cribbing and four by twelve inch plank are placed on crosswise to the road on top. This makes a bumpy surface. A better one could be made with cross-ties placed on the cribbing with fore and aft planking on top. A guard rail is placed on all bridges. Short bridges up to eighty or ninety feet in length are constructed by the use of two large logs hewn flat on the upper surface. The logs should be at least thirty-six inches in diameter and perfectly sound. They are placed at the proper gauge and the regular road on cross-ties constructed on top. On such short stretches this type of bridge has been operated over without supports. It is not used, however, for long stretches. The long bridges are, of course, constructed of bents or piling but are very seldom used in connection with motor truck transportation on account of the expensive construction and because they are usually unnecessary. TURNING DEVICES AND TURNOUTS