=Approximation of Scoring Rings.=--Concentric rings marked on an instructional target and possessing various values which afford a simple means of comparing the shooting errors of individuals, but having no relation to the vulnerable surfaces of the ordinary service targets. =Axis of the Barrel.=--The axis of the barrel is an imaginary line following the centre of the bore from breech to muzzle (Fig. 2). =Beaten Zone.=--Area of ground beaten by a cone of fire (Fig. 6). =Bull’s Eye.=--A circular aiming-mark of varying size used in elementary training for grouping practice, with the object of eliminating all sources of error other than that of bad holding. =Concentration of Fire.=--The directing of fire on one particular portion of the enemy’s line. Its value lies in the demoralizing effect it produces owing to the heavy loss it inflicts at the point at which it is directed (Fig. 48). =Covered Approach.=--Ground and natural or artificial cover which screens movement towards an objective from the enemy’s view. =Culminating Point.=--The culminating point is the greatest height above the line of sight to which the bullet rises in its flight; this is reached at a point a little beyond half the distance to which the bullet travels. =Dangerous Space.=--The dangerous space for any particular range is the distance between the first catch and the first graze (Fig. 4). =Dead Ground.=--Any ground on which troops cannot be struck by missiles fired by defenders of a position owing to the formation of the intervening ground (Fig. 10). =Deflection.=--The inclination of the rifle-barrel laterally with reference to the line of sight, counteracting the effect of wind, drift, or other influence which tends to force the bullet out of a straight path. =Description Points.=--Ground and its natural or artificial features used for indication of targets (Figs. 49-51). =Distribution of Fire.=--The method of directing fire so that it may be scattered over several objects (Fig. 48). =Elevation.=--The inclination of the rifle-barrel vertically with reference to the line of sight, necessitated by the downward influence exercised on the bullet by the force of gravity. =Error of the Day.=--A term used to include errors in shooting due to miscalculation of atmospheric influences, such as wind, temperature, etc. =Error of the Rifle.=--Any error inherent in a rifle, independent of any error due to the want of skill of the firer. =Fire, Kinds of=-- =Collective Fire.=--The fire of several rifles combined for a definite purpose under the orders of a fire-leader. Such fire skilfully directed and well controlled may produce good effect up to 1,400 yards. =Converging Fire.=--Fire aimed at one target from different points.